Sejanus, His Fall monologue from the play by Ben Jonson Essay Example For Students

Sejanus, His Fall monolog from the play by Ben Jonson Essay A monolog from the play by Ben Jonson NOTE: This monolog is republished from Sejanus, His Fall (1603). SEJANUS: If this be not retribution, when I have done What's more, made it great, let Egyptian slaves, Parthians, and shoeless Hebrews brand my face, What's more, print my body brimming with wounds. Thou lost thyself, youngster Drusus, when thou thoughtst Thou couldst outskip my retribution, or outstand The force I needed to pound thee into air. Thy habits presently will taste what sort of man They have incited, and this thy fathers house Break in fire of my enraged fierceness, Whose rage will concede no disgrace or mean. Infidelity? It is the lightest sick I will submit. A race of fiendish acts Will stream out of my displeasure, and oerspread The worlds wide face, which no successors Will eer support, nor yet keep quiet; things That for their guile, close, and brutal imprints, Thy father would wish his, and will, maybe, Convey the vacant name, however we the prize. On, at that point, my spirit, and start not in thy course; In spite of the fact that heav drop sulfur, and hellfire burp out fire, Chuckle at the inactive fear. Tell pleased Jove, Between his capacity and thine there is no chances. Twas just dread first on the planet made divine beings.

Sexism in the Workplace :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework Essays

Sexism in the Workplace Sex Roles Kids gain from their folks and society the origination of female and manly. Much about these originations isn't organic at everything except social. The manner in which we will in general consider people and their sexual orientation jobs in the public eye establish the predominant worldview that impacts out reasoning. Riane Eisler calls attention to that the predominant worldview makes it hard for us to investigate appropriately the jobs of people in ancient times we have a social predisposition that we bring to the exertion and that hues our dynamic procedures. Sexism is the aftereffect of that inclination forced by our procedure of cultural assimilation. Sex jobs in Western social orders have been changing quickly as of late, with the progressions made both by transformative changes in the public eye, including monetary movements which have adjusted the manner in which individuals work and without a doubt which individuals fill in as an ever increasing number of ladies enter the workforce, and by maybe pressure brought to make changes on account of the observation that the conventional social structure was discriminatory. Sexual orientation relations are a piece of the socialization procedure, the inception given the youthful by society, showing them certain qualities and making in them certain standards of conduct adequate to their social jobs. These jobs have been in a condition of motion in American society as of late, and people today can be viewed as having extended their jobs in the public eye, with ladies entering once male territories and men finding better approaches to identify with and work in the nuclear family. At the point when I was growing up a lady was never known about having a vocation other than a teacher or sewer. Our(women's)job was to deal with the house. We had a major nursery out back from which we got a large portion of our vegetables?A garden is a great deal of work you know?We likewise needed to make garments when there were none to be had(hand-me-downs) Sex can be characterized as a social personality comprising of the job an individual is to play in view of their sex. There is a decent variety in male and female jobs, making it difficult to characterize sexual orientation regarding limited male and female jobs. Sex is socially characterized, with huge contrasts from culture to culture. These distinctions are concentrated by anthropologists to determine the scope of practices that have created to characterize sex and on the powers at work in the formation of these jobs.

Teen Guides to Activism

Teen Guides to Activism In recent weeks, months, and years, teenagers have been instrumental in the fight against oppression. Our children have been out there fighting against gun violence, against police brutality, against lack of access to clean water. They protest the injustices of racism, of transphobia, of homophobia, of misogyny, of ableism, of economic inequality. But too often young people aren’t listened  to. Too many excuses are made to ignore them. It has not gone unnoticed that it’s only when white teenagers speak up that others listen. But in recent weeks folk have started listening, and consequently, more kids are being shown that they too can have a voice. Below are some teen guides to activism to nurture that activism spirit. Activism guides and handbooks How to Resist: Turn Protest to Power by Matthew Bolton (May 1st, 2018) is a guide to effective protest. Harnessing our passion to create change. Edited by Tim Federle and Maureen Johnson,  How I Resist: Activism and Hope for the New Generation (May 1st, 2018) is a collection of essays by YA authors to inspire activism and hope. Showing how to stand up, be heard, be the change, and not feel helpless. A Girl’s Guide to Joining the Resistance: A Feminist Handbook on Fighting For Good by Emma Rose Gray guides young feminists in starting out fighting for the cause. With interviews from many experienced activists. Edited by Matt Hern with contributions from many activists,  Stay Solid: A Radical Handbook for Youth is an encouragement to fight for the things worth fighting for. A scrapbook-style collection of essays, explanations, and images. The Geek Feminist Revolution is Kameron Hurley’s essay collection. These words explore the depths of feminism, sexism, and how all of this intersects with geek culture. Sam Killerman’s The Social Justice Advocate’s Handbook: A Guide to Gender is an accessible book on gender in all its diversity. As transgender people across the world continue to experience deep oppression, this book is a step to better understanding. Wake, Rise, Resist: The Progressive Teen’s Guide to Fighting Tyrants and A*holes by Joanna Spathis and Kerri Kennedy is a step by step guide to fighting for social justice. This book of full of actions to help feel empowered and make a difference. Sue Turton’s This Book Will (Help You) Change the World is practical and informative. Attempting to explain political systems and their flaws, guide away from fake news and other pitfalls, and teach how to disrupt the system from within or without. General Non-Fiction Essays Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s groundbreaking essay We Should All Be Feminists is a reminder of why we do the work we do. This is an examination of the realities of women’s lives and what needs to happen to change things up. Trans Liberation: Beyond Pink or Blue by celebrated transgender writer Leslie Feinberg collects thoughts on the essential connection of transgender liberation to the liberation of all. Paulo  Freire’s Pedagogy of the Oppressed is a classic of social justice literature. First published in Portuguese, this is a book on empowering the illiterate and impoverished.  Essential reading for all of us in societies where having a permanent underclass of the underprivileged is an accepted norm. Where Do We Go From Here: Community or Chaos is a good place to start on reading Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Written a year before his assassination, this is a book of both visionary thinking and frustration. King’s contribution to civil rights is important to learn from and to listen to his words. Audre Lorde’s Your Silence Will Not Protect You: Essays and Poems examines speaking up as an act of not only activism but self-care. Find the courage to use your voice, and to tell your truth. The Good Immigrant edited by Nikesh Shukla is a collection of British immigrant voices. For those who’ve never been an immigrant, this is a place to listen and learn. For those who are, these are pages filled with solidarity. Read Rebecca Solnit’s Hope in the Dark to learn how to keep hoping when despair surrounds us. Sometimes the achievements of our movements are hidden by the remaining oppression. But in exposing them there is encouragement and a push to keep going. In No Future Without Forgiveness Archbishop Desmond Tutu draws on his work with South Africa’s post-Apartheid Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Moving away from atrocity by seeking reconciliation between oppressed and oppressors was unprecedented. Archbishop Desmond’s reflections here are valuable to all hoping to be free of their oppressors. Memoirs Journalism Riot Days by Pussy Riot member Maria Alyokhina accounts her time in the Russian criminal system. Arrested for protesting the authoritarian regime, this is a modern story of refusing to let tyranny win. Anita Anand’s Sophia: Princess, Suffragette, Revolutionary tells the story of Sophia Duleep Singh, a British woman born into Indian royalty. Her life was spent fighting justice in all forms- from women’s suffrage to Indian independence. My Family Divided: One Girls’ Journey of Home, Loss, and Hope (July 17th, 2018) is the YA edition of Diane Guererro’s 2016 memoir. The Orange is the New Black star reveals the realities of a childhood interrupted by the sudden deportation of undocumented immigrant parents. Being Jazz is Jazz Jennings’s memoir of life as a transgender teenager. Jazz and her family have been activists for transgender rights since Jazz first came out aged five. Patrisse Khan-Cullors’s  When They Call You a Terrorist: A Black Lives Matter memoir is essential reading for today’s activists. This is a story of a movement, a cry against the horrors of institutional racism. A three-part graphic memoir by Congressman John Lewis,  March follows his role in the civil rights movement. Spanning Lewis’s personal story and the wider movement this is a vivid historical record. Long Walk to Freedom by Nelson Mandela is a groundbreaking memoir of a life of activism and the cost that brings. From spending nearly three decades in prison to presidency, this is a story of the immense power of fearless activism. Teresa Rehman’s The Mothers of Manipur speaks to the power of female activism. This is the story of women protesting naked against the rape of their daughters. Pride: The Unlikely Story of the True Heroes of the Miner’s Strike by Tim Tate is a tale of solidarity. When two diverse groups persecuted by the policeâ€"LGBTQ folk and striking minersâ€"stand together, change can happen. I Am Malala: The Story of the Girl Who Stood Up for Education and was Shot by the Taliban is the memoir of Nobel prize-winning youth activist Malala Yousafzai. Documenting extraordinary bravery in the fight for education and women’s rights. Sign up for True Story to receive nonfiction news, new releases, and must-read forthcoming titles.

The Women Present At Valley Forge - 832 Words

The Women Present at Valley Forge As Abigail Adams will write to her husband John to â€Å"remember the ladies† during the Continental Congress, so too must we must not forget the many women who played a vital role here during the winter encampment at Valley Forge from 1777-1778. Officers’ Wives Martha Washington- (1732-1802)- During the Revolutionary War, Martha joined her husband for part of each winter encampment, he attended, including the 1777-1778 encampment at Valley Forge. Martha arrived in the beginning of February and left in the beginning of June. Much of Martha’s time at the encampment was involved in running the household at Washington’s Headquarters. This would include organizing daily meals for the staff, entertaining guests and officers’ wives. According to Pierre Etienne Duponceau, secretary to Baron Von Steuben wrote, â€Å"In the midst of all our distress there were some bright sided of the picture which Valley Forge exhibited...Mrs. Washington had the courage to follow her husband to that dismal abode†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Catherine â€Å"Caty† Littlefield Greene (1753-1814)- Was the wife a Gen. Nathanael Greene, the new appointed quartermaster general of the Continental Army at Valley Forge. â€Å"Caty† Greene was twenty-four years old when she arrived at the Valley Forge in January of 1778. â€Å"Caty† Greene entertained other officer wifes and took part in the celebration of the French-American Alliance on May 6th, 1778. At the end of May, Catherine Littlefield Greene made the return tripShow MoreRelatedThe Women Present At Valley Forge809 Words   |  4 PagesThe Women Present at Valley Forge As Abigail Adams will write to her husband John to â€Å"remember the ladies† during the Continental Congress, so to must we must not forget the many women who played a vital role here during the winter encampment at Valley forge from 1777-1778. During the Winter Encampment at Valley Forge there were close 400 women, a ratio 1:44 to the enlisted men. Officers’ Wives Martha Washington- (1732-1802)- During the Revolutionary War Martha joined her husband for part ofRead MoreThe Drum Women At Valley Forge1841 Words   |  8 Pagesthe Drum Women at the Valley Forge Encampment gave a very good incite to not just what it was like for the men at Valley Forge, but what it was like for the women who were there. â€Å"In the winter of 1777-8 at Valley Forge there were about one woman of every forty-four men† (Loane 133). I think book stressed that these women were incredibly helpful in the effort to rebuild this army through the rough winter, no matter what their job were. Although â€Å" Washington did not think much of the women with theRead MoreRevolutionary Mothers Review Essay756 Words   |  4 PagesMOTHERS: Women in the Struggle for Americas Independence. Vintage Books. Book Review #1 By Tawnya Pluid Carol Berkin’s Revolutionary Mothers: Women in the Struggle for Americas Independence is an excellent book that I immensely enjoyed. When many people think of the Revolutionary War, they might imagine George Washington gallantly leading his men through the winters at Valley Forge or the like. Berkin begins her masterpiece by giving a general overview of the roll that women played inRead MoreThe Catcher Of The Rye, By F. D. Salinger1795 Words   |  8 Pagesshipped to Valley Forge Military Academy after flunking out of McBurney School, even though he is intelligent. Valley Forge Academy was also some of the first exhibition writing Salinger participate in, This included being editor of his school Yearbook and writing short stories after lights out. In some ways Salinger is similar to his creation, Holden Caulfield being that he is reclusive about his childhood and even flunked out of a private institute. However, after being enrolled in Valley Forge AcademyRead MoreThe Catcher Of The Rye By F. D. Salinger1795 Words   |  8 Pagesshipped to Valley Forge Military Academy after flunking out of McBurney School, even though he is intelligent. Valley Forge Academy was also some of the first exhibition writing Salinger participate in, This included being editor of his school Yearbook and writing short stories after lights out. In some ways Salinger is similar to his creation, Holden Caulfield is that he is reclusive about his childhood and even flunked out of a private institute. However, after being enrolled in Valley Forge AcademyRead MoreA Study On The Land Of Israel1079 Words   |  5 Pages(Poorman Richards, 2003). Deborah was also noted as the person judging Israel. She was active and commanding throughout the land. She gave the interpretation of the events, and as a representative of Yahweh. She had the power in her position to present the religious significance of the events. As a result, Deborah was a woman in a specific leadership position as a terrific judge (Dubnov, 1967). In lsrael this position used to be occupied by men. The position was usually a position of military leadershipRead MoreSimilarities Between Salinger And Harper Lee s The Rye 1987 Words   |  8 Pagesupper-middle class afforded J. D. Salinger the opportunities for higher education, but being a good student never seemed to be a priority to him. After flunking out of the McBurney School located in the Upper West Side, his parents sent him to Valley Forge Military Academy in Wayne, PA. Subsequently, J. D. Salinger never finished his post secondary education, he traveled Europe, while working for his father’s b usiness. He found his traveling dissatisfactory and moved back to America in 1937. An importantRead More Womens Roles In The Revolution Essay1935 Words   |  8 Pages Womens Roles in the Revolution I. Womens Roles in the Revolution nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A. Family Enterprises nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;1. Women took over nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;2. Succeeded Despite nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;a. inflation nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;b. British Occupancy nbRead MoreAthanasia: Human Impermanence and the Journey for Eternal Life in the Epic of Gilgamesh1740 Words   |  7 Pageshave failed in the attempt. The ideology surrounding immortality transcends time and a plethora of cultures. The theme, immortality appears in stories from the Epic of Gilgamesh, which was composed by ancient Sumerians roughly around 600 B.C, to present day works of fiction in the twenty first century. The word immortality plays a crucial role in the development of characters in the Epic of Gilgamesh; It reveals the importance of life everlasting, and the triumph of humanity’s inordinate fear ofRead MoreSaints, Scholars and Schizophrenics: Mental Illness in Rural Ireland.2308 Words   |  10 PagesProfessor Ford Anthropology 103 30 November 2009 The people of Ballybran parish are located in southwest Kerry, which is in Ireland. All there is in this small rural county town is a school, chapel, cemetery, three pubs, some good shops, the forge, a guest house, two graveyards and three churches that are in ruins. (Scheper-hughes ,19) It is a small rural village and doesn’t have a lot of tutorist attractions. The people of Ballybran are very long, lean, and finally sculptured meaning in shape

Foundations of Psychology - 771 Words

Foundations of Psychology Psychology is an academic and applied discipline involving the scientific study of mental processes and behavior. There is some tension between scientific psychology (with its program of empirical research) and applied psychology (dealing with a number of areas). Psychologists attempt to explain the mind and brain in the context of real life. In contrast neurologists utilize a physiological approach. Psychologists study such phenomena as perception, cognition, emotion, personality, behavior, and interpersonal relationships. Psychology also refers to the application of such knowledge to various spheres of human activity including issues related to daily life—e.g. family, education, and work—and the treatment of†¦show more content†¦The school of thought known as structuralism was initiated by Edward Titchener, one of Wundt s students. This school of thought was called structuralism because of Titchener s interest in the structural make up of consciousness. It w as Ticthener s hope to devise a table of the levels, or elements of human consciousness using Wundt s introspection idea. Ticthener viewed psychology scientifically. He believed that the only way to understand psychology was through experimentation. This eventually led to the idea that sensation and feelings were unscientific because it could not be measured by anyone but the person experiencing it. The second school of thought that was popular in psychology s beginning was known as functionalism. This school of though focused on the role psychological processes have on helping people adapt to their surroundings. Functionalists believe that consciousness exists because it serves a function (Kowalski Westen, 2005). William James, one of the founders of functionalism, set out to explain why we think the way that we do. These two schools of thought branch out even further to offer assumptions or perspectives on these theories. Psychodynamic, behaviorist, cognitive, and evolutionary p erspectives help to expand psychological thinking and guide psychological studied. Psychodynamic and behaviorist perspectives will be covered since the last two are more recent perspectives. Sigmund Freud emphasis was on psychodynamics. HisShow MoreRelatedFoundation of Psychology773 Words   |  4 PagesFoundation of Psychology Psychology is the study of human behavior and mind. According to Psychology: The Study of Mental Processes and Behavior defined psychology as the scientific investigation of mental processes (thinking, remembering, feeling, etc.) and behavior. Psychology alone has more than one basic foundation. Psychology can be as broad as biology and as detailed as philosophy, because it includes humans who are very complex in nature. Psychology involves more than how people act;Read MoreFoundations of Psychology747 Words   |  3 PagesFoundations of Psychology L R Juneaux 07/24/2013 PSY/300 Psychology is one of the core studies of the human being, which include investigating of behavior and mental processes. Many processes have to happen before one can even think a single thought. A specific stimulus through sensory organs, nerve interactions, and sorting through the brain are just a few processes that occur. Psychology is one of the most complex areas of study. In this paper, I will identify the major schools of thoughtRead MoreFoundations of Psychology Paper785 Words   |  4 PagesRunning Head: FOUNDATIONS OF PSYCHOLOGY PAPER Foundations of Psychology Paper PSY/300 November 7, 2011 Betsy Ferronato Foundations of Psychology Paper * This paper will discuss the major schools of thought in psychology and examine their major underlying assumptions. The paper will also identify the primary biological foundations of psychology linked to behavior. According to our reading in psychology is the scientific investigation of mental processes and behavior. Mental processesRead More Foundations of Psychology Essay813 Words   |  4 PagesWhen psychology first emerged as a science, the process of explaining the human mind and human behavior began. In this essay we will present a brief synopsis of what psychology is and introduce the reader to the primary biological foundations of psychology that are linked to behavior as well as introducing the reader to the major schools of thought in psychology. In Kowalski and Westen Fifth Edition of Psychology, psychology is define as â€Å"the scientific investigation of mental processes such as;Read MoreFoundations of Psychology Essay763 Words   |  4 PagesFoundations of Psychology According to science philosopher Thomas Kuhn, the ongoing development of scientific paradigms is responsible for scientific progress. A scientific paradigm has three basic characteristics: a series of assertions that provide a model of the object of study, a group of common metaphors that assist with comprehension of the object of study, and a methodology that is accepted by the scientific community to provide legitimate and valuable data when carried out correctly. WithinRead MoreThe Conceptual Foundations Of Psychology2268 Words   |  10 PagesAll sciences originally descended from philosophy and over the centuries the special sciences gradually became independent of this discipline, with Psychology being one of the last of the special sciences to separate from the parent during the 19th century (Banyard, Davies, Normal Winder, 2010). The questions and ideas in Psychology have been of interest since the time of the ancient Greeks, where philosophers inquired into how human being s know the world. Plato asked questions about human motivationRead MoreA Foundation For Studying Emotional Psychology972 Words   |  4 Pagesto signal different emotions are universally comprehended. Therefore, do all human beings signal certain emotions with the same, universal, facial expression? The studies conducted regarding the universality thesis were used as a foundation for studying emotional psychology. Making it extremely relevant to question such influential research, which appears to lack consistent and convincing results. There are three main issues regarding the universality thesis. The first of which is that, methodologicalRead MoreIntegrative Approaches Of Psychology And Christianity1495 Words   |  6 PagesApproaches to Psychology and Christianity, An Introduction to Worldview Issues, Philosophical Foundations and Models of Integration† is a book written by David N. Entwistle that offers insight and awareness to the relationship between psychology and theology. Psychology and theology share a common interest in the nature and purpose of human beings. This book introduces worldview issues and a philosophical source that provides a framework of the relationship between the science of psychology and ChristianityRead MorePsychologys Influence on Nursing Essay1149 Words   |  5 PagesAs defined by Mason and Whitehead, psychology is a branch of biological science which focuses on the study of conscious life in its origin (66). Mason and Whitehead go on to argue that conscious life refers to th e experiences of the individual and origins refer to the particular group or issue being reviewed: e.g., child, adult, abnormal or animal (66-7). A basic examination of the definition of psychology demonstrates that the practice is one that requires understanding of the human experience andRead MoreThe Benefits Of Breastfeeding For Mothers875 Words   |  4 Pagescaregivers (Health Psychology). For those mothers whom are able and willing to breastfeed their infants there is a definite benefit. Breastfeeding is shown to benefit the mother and child through its natural ability to aide in the mother’s inner peace, its health giving properties, its superior nutrient content compared to formula, and accessibility. Though breastfeeding is undoubtedly the optimum feeding method, it is not necessarily a possibility for some mothers (The Nemours Foundation). For example

My Prayer Time With God - 1224 Words

My whole life I was raised in a Catholic family only believing in Mary, Jesus mother. Until, my parents sent me to a Christian school which wasn’t something I agree with. I would always ask myself why did my parents send me to a Christian school instead of a Catholic school. But over the years I was interested in knowing more about the bible and God. I finally decided to be saved back in 2009 when I finally understood the meaning of living for eternity in heaven. Although, I’ve always had problems with praying because I was afraid of not saying the right words or starting with â€Å"Father, thank you for this day.† Every time, I was chosen to pray over everyone on the inside I didn’t want to forget anything I should pray about. Throughout the years, I learned that our words are powerful not only to others but to God. I decided to work on my prayer time with God since I tend to forget to pray for all the blessings he provides for me every day. Each day Iâ⠂¬â„¢ve spend at least fifteen minutes praying to God over all the people I care about trying to not forget or leave out anyone. It has helped me realize the power of prayer which I was afraid about in the past about making a mistake. Now, I can say with confidence that prayer is always the answer when we feel sad, anger or hurt. I didn’t understand why it took me a long time to truly comprehend the meaning of prayer and how it helps us communicate with God. Prayer is something that should come out naturally from your mouth but thatShow MoreRelatedThe Confession And On The Trinity1672 Words   |  7 PagesAlong with his writings in The Confessions and On the Trinity, Augustine of hippo used the section titles the literal Meaning of Genesis in order to show Gods love through three visions of God. According to Duprà © and Weisman, â€Å" we experience three kinds of vision: one through the eyes, a second through the soul, and a third through the intuition of the mind (Duprà © and Weisman pg. 71).† Most humans in society are expected to understand the first of all the visions. To see through the eyes as spiritualRead MorePrayer is a Key Christian Belief Essay1502 Words   |  7 PagesPrayer is a Key Christian Belief Prayer is a universal human experience. There is not a culture in the world that does not have some means of prayer, some way of communicating with the Divine. That is why I have chosen to examine prayer. Prayer is one of the â€Å"key beliefs† of Christians. Prayer illuminates our relationship with God and allows us to express our love for Him, our faith and hope in Him. We have the opportunity to share our concerns, fears, needs and desires with the AlmightyRead MoreSpiritual Leader Peter At The Prison Gate930 Words   |  4 Pagesreality of knowing it was not a dream. Realizing this he said, â€Å"The Lord has sent his angel and saved me from Herod and from what these people had planned to do to me. Peter was a leader in the church, so he had prayed for God to work things out. They were constantly in prayer. Once he was freed with the leading of the angel Peter took a visited to the home of Mary. While a group of people were gathered there praying, he knocked, and a servant came to answer the door. When she realized who it wasRead MorePrayer Is An Essential Discipline Of The Christian Faith1228 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Prayer is an essential discipline of the Christian faith. History and cultural differences show us that many people engage in many different ways and techniques to pray and communicate with God. How do you find the right way for you? Summarise your original understanding of the discipline before the course started Having been a Christian for many years I thought that I had a fair knowledge of what it meant to pray. I was amazed and humbled by the idea that through Jesus’ restorativeRead MoreI Am A Second Swing At Prayer893 Words   |  4 Pages Prayer has been used for many years as means to bring people closer to god at their own pace. In my personal spiritual journey I have found that although I did not intend to ease ailments, I have eased detrimental anxiety through my time practicing prayer. Having attended a Catholic church in my adolescence, it was there I learned of prayer and how to conduct it. Prayer was different for me then. I had not interest in staying quiet for minutes on end, continuously standing and kneeling. It wasRead MoreThe Different Types of Prayer Essay756 Words   |  4 PagesThe Different Types of Prayer Prayer is a form of communication between God and people. Christians use prayers in both public and private worship as away of communicating with God. They also use prayers to listen to God and receive guidance, support and comfort from him. The prayers may be said in silence or aloud. Jesus taught that people must be persistent in prayer. They should not expect their prayers to be answered straight away. Jesus taught that ChristiansRead MorePrayer Is The Most Essential Of Spiritual Growth890 Words   |  4 Pagessubcategories. I believe that prayer, service, and worship are the most essential in spiritual growth. The first category Foster writes about is inward discipline. Inward discipline is an act that other believes cannot measure. Inward disciplines are personal to your relationship with God. The four types of inward disciplines are meditation, prayer, fasting, and study. Although they are all important, I think that prayer is the most beneficial. The discipline of prayer brings us into the deepest workRead MoreThe Roles Of Prayer For Revival1374 Words   |  6 PagesThe Roles of Prayer for Revival Prayer is one of the most important elements of revival. The roles of prayer for revival can be categorized in the five headings: acknowledge of revival, ignite for revival, repent for revival, sustain of revival, and spread of revival. Acknowledgement of the Needs of Revival It is when people pray that they recognize the conditions of lukewarm-ness and needs for revival. Prayer lets people see the spiritual condition of a family or church and the state of its secularizationRead MoreThe Top Ten Myths About Prayer Essay938 Words   |  4 PagesThe Top Ten Myths About Prayer By David Jordan Mar 26, 2008 Prayer is difficult. Surely God doesn t listen to me. I really don t know how to pray. These nagging questions are simply myths about prayer. 1. It s hard to pray. That s what is so much fun about a myth. It s easy to show the truth through it. Praying is easy. Like anything else, if you want to do it really well, okay, that will take a little time. But, think of all the prayers that will be answered on your way to getting good atRead MoreEssay1342 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Do you like my pad, Wilde?† â€Å"It’s not bad. I mean, it’s better than any home on earth, and certainly bigger,† I said. â€Å"A man’s home should be his castle, Buddy.† We stepped off the elevator into a huge entryway with walls made of glass, floor to ceiling. The view of the city lights was breathtaking. â€Å"This is very nice, God. You can see everything from up here, but it’s no place to be in a tornado.† â€Å"Not to worry, my child, you’re safe with me.† â€Å"Is that so? You could have had me fooled when

Acid Rain (3433 words) Essay Example For Students

Acid Rain (3433 words) Essay Acid RainWhat is acid rain? Acid rain is the term for pollution caused when sulfur andnitrogen dioxides combine with atmospheric moisture. The term acid rain isslightly misleading, and would be more accurate if deemed enhanced acid rain,as rain occurs acidic naturally. Acidity is measured on what is know as the pHscale. Fourteen is the most basic, seven is the most neutral, and zero is themost acidic. Pure rain has a pH level of 7, which is exactly neutral. Theacidity of rain is determined by the pH of pure water in reaction withatmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, resulting in carbonic acid. Theseparticles partly dissociate to produce hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions. Abicarbonate atom is an ion formed by one hydrogen atom, one carbon at atom, andthree oxygen atoms, and is very effective in natural waters at neutralizinghydrogen ions and reducing acidity. The dissociation results in the naturalacidity of pure rain, which is moderately acidic at a pH of 5.7. Rain less than 5.7 is considered acid rain, meaning it has reacted with acidic atmosphericgases other than carbon dioxide, such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. Sulfur dioxide is produced by electric utilities, industrial, commercial andresidential heating, smelters, diesel engines and marine and rail transport,which creates sulfuric acid in rain. Nitrogen dioxide will also react with therain, caused largely by transportation (cars, trucks, planes, etc.) and electricutilities, producing nitric acid. There is a certain degree of naturallyoccurring acidity in rain water. This acid is from reaction with alkalinechemicals, found in soils, lakes and stream, and can occasionally occur when avolcano erupts as well. Bacterial action in soils and degasing from oceanicplankton also contribute to the acidity found in rain. More than 90% of thesulfur and 95% of the nitrogen emissions which occur in North America are due tothe pollution created by humans.1 How Is Acid Rain Formed? Acid rain consistsmainly of acids formed in the atmosphere. It consists of the oxides of sulfur,SO2 and SO3, and of nitrogen NO and NO2. Let us examine the major contributor to acid rain, sulfur oxides. Natural sources which emit sulfur dioxide includevolcanoes, sea spray, plankton and rotting vegetation. Despite these naturaloccurrences, the burning of fossil fuels (such as coal and oil) can be largelyblamed for the emissions. The chemical reactions begin as energy from sunlight,in the form of photons, hit ozone molecules (O3) to form free oxygen (O2), aswell as single reactive oxygen atoms (O). The oxygen atoms react with watermolecules (H2O), producing electrically charged, negative hydroxyl radicals(HO). These hydroxyl radicals are responsible for oxidizing sulfur dioxide andnitrogen dioxide, which produces sulfuric acid and nitric acid. Some particleswill settle to the ground (in the form of acid deposition) or vegetation canabsorb some of the SO2 gas directly from the atmosphere. When sulfur dioxidecomes in contact with the atmosphere, it oxidizes and forms a sulfate ion. Itbecomes sulfuric acid as it joins with hydrogen atoms in the air and falls do wnto earth. Oxidation occurs most in clouds, especially in heavily polluted air,where other compounds such as ammonia and ozone help to catalyze the reaction,increasing the amount of sulfur dioxide changing to sulfuric acid. Not all ofthe sulfur dioxide is converted to sulfuric acid, and it is not uncommon for asubstantial amount to float up into the atmosphere, move to another area, andreturn to earth as sulfur dioxide, unconverted. S (in fossil fuels) + O2 =* SO22 SO2 + O2 =* 2 SO3 Much of the sulfur dioxide is converted to sulfur trioxidein the atmosphere SO3 + H2O =* H2SO4 The sulfur trioxide can then dissolvewithin water to form sulfuric acid Nitric oxide and nitric dioxide are mainlyfrom power plants and exhaust fumes. Similar to sulfur dioxide, reactions areheavily catalyzed in heavily polluted clouds where iron, manganese, ammonia andhydrogen peroxide are present. Also, the formation of nitric acid can triggerfurther reactions which release new hydroxyl radicals to generate more sulfuricacid. The following is a typical reaction, which is direct combination ofnitrogen and oxygen at the high temperature inside a car engine. N2 + O2 + heat=* 2NO 2NO + O2 =* 2NO2 This nitrogen monoxide immediately reacts with oxygenand forms nitrogen dioxide in the following reaction 3NO2 + H2O =* 2HNO3 (aq) +NO The nitrogen will then dissolve in water in the atmosphere and produce nitricacid There are several other potential contributors to acid rain. These includeoxidation by products of alkene-ozone reactions, oxidation by reactions of NxOyspecies and oxidation by peroxy radicals. Each of these reactions, however proveto be minor contributors and are rather insignificant. How Is Acid Rain Harmful?Environmental Hazards Aquatic Ecosystems Acid rain has an effect on virtuallyall ecosystems it touches. Perhaps the most prominent, and equally as troublingis the harmful results it produces when in contact with lakes, streams andponds. Scientists studying the effects of acid r ain went to a lake about 135 kmaway from the Ontario- Manitoba border called Lake 223. This lake, so far northacid rain did not reach it, was extremely healthy, and was a perfect setting toexplore the effects of acid rain on aquatic ecosystems. In 1974, scientistsbegan to add sulfuric acid into the lake. The acid was added very slowly, and itwas four years later when they saw a major change. The freshwater shrimp beganto die out. Fathead minnows stopped reproducing and began to vanish. As thescientists continued adding acid to Lake 223 in low amounts, large algae matsbegan to form and crayfish became unhealthy and died. Seven years after thebeginning of the experiment, the lake trout stopped reproducing, and most of thefish species, leeches, crawfish and mayflies began to die. In 1984, thescientists stopped adding the acid. Without the addition of deadly sulfuricacid, the lake slowly began to recover. Some of the fish species began torecover, however some of the scientists estimated it would take one hundredyears for the lake to fully recover, even without the addition of any more acid. Fish can still live in a lake with a low acid level, however they will get sickand not grow to proper proportions. Often the fish will not reproduce, andeventually, as the acid level increases, all the fish will die. The acid willalso leach metals from the bottom of the lake. There are metals containedwithin the mud and rocks of the lake bottom, however they remain not dangerousas long as they are not released. The acid will draw out these harmful metalsand dissolve them in the water, resulting in the deterioration and disappearanceof a species. One of these damaging metals is aluminum, which will coat and burnthe gills of the fish as it intakes the polluted water. Some fish found inacidic lakes contain higher levels of mercury in their bodies, which is harmfulto humans, resulting in the government telling society to limit the amount offish they eat from certain lakes and rivers. If the numbers of one species orgroup of species changes in response to acidification, the ecosystem of t heentire body of water is likely to be affected through the predator-preyrelationships. Let us examine how acid rain is dangerous to fish. A freshwaterfishs respiration consists of a trade of hydrogen ions (H+) in their bloodfor sodium ions (Na+) from the water around them. If the concentration ofhydrogen ions in the water is increased, which is essentially what happens whenpH falls, there are (proportionally) fewer sodium ions. Fish are forced toabsorb more hydrogen while finding it harder to obtain sodium. The acidity oftheir blood increases, while the salt content drops. An experiment involvingbrown trout showed that at a pH of 5.2 or lower, this process was fatal to thisspecies, and is likely deadly to many other trout species. The following chartshows the steps typical to freshwater fish as the acidity increases. (Fig 1-1)ACIDITY LEVEL (pH) EFFECTS ON AQUATIC LIFE 7 Neutral, H+ and H- are in balance6.8 Shells of clams and snails become thinner, due to lack of hazardous calciumi ons in the water 6.6 The viability of eggs of the fathead minnow is reduced,rain can have and fewer eggs hatch 6.5 Lake trout begin to have difficultyreproducing, clams and snails become scarcer, green algae growth increases 6Several clam and snail species disappear, several trout species populationsdecrease, the smooth newt is gone, smallmouth bass, walleyes and spottedsalamanders have difficulty reproducing, several mayfly species cease to layeggs 5.8 Copepods (a critical link of crustaceans in the marine food chain) aregone, crayfish have trouble regrowing exoskeleton after molting 5.7 Severalalgae species decrease, while filamentous green algae increases, planktondecreases 5.5 Rainbow trout, fathead minnows and smallmouth bass loseconsiderable population, walleyes, brook trout, roach, lake trout and shinersdont reproduce, leeches and mayfly larvae vanish. 5.4 Crayfish reproductivityis impaired. 5 Snail and clams are extinct. All but one species of crayfish areextinct, brook trou t, walleyes and most bullfrogs are gone, most fish speciesexperience reproduction difficulties, zooplankton population begins to drop,green and green-blue algae mats have largely spread 4.8 Leopard frog numbersdecline 4.5 Mayflies and stoneflies vanish, a slowing in growth rate and oxygenuptake of bacteria is notable 4.2 The common toad disappears 4 The oxygen outputof Lobelia plants declines 75% 3.5 Virtually all clams, snails, frogs, fish andcrayfish vanish 2.5 Only a few species of acid-tolerant midges, bacteria andfungi are alive 2 In practical terms, the lake is sterile Two hundred and twentylakes in Ontario have been found acidified, meaning their pH is less that 5.1year round.2 Terrestrial Plant Life It is much more difficult to solve themystery of forest destruction compared to that of a lake. This is partiallybecause trees live so much longer than fish do, and acid rain damage in treesmay not show up for thirty or forty years. It is also very difficult toreplicate forest co nditions in a laboratory, such as insects, cold winters,pollution, elevation and abrupt changes in rainfall. Each of these conditionsput stress on the trees and can be considered variables. Many scientists areconvinced that because of the complexity of a forest ecosystem, it is nearlyimpossible to prove the death of forests is due to pollution in the form of acidrain, but deduce from many experiments it is a main factor in forestdestruction. Deciduous trees are like air filters, and screen particles thatpass through the air around them. These particles collect on the leaves of thetree, and studies have shown that when these particles contain acid they cancause damage to the leaves. The leaves are the part of the tree that help makefood, hence any damage to the leaves will result in harm to the health of theentire tree. Coniferous trees are vulnerable to the harmful effects of acid rainas well. The trees needles are designed to nourish the tree after they fall tothe ground. Each need le houses whole colonies of microscopic bacteria and algaethat help the tree change nitrogen into food at the roots. Acid rain will oftenburn away this material, thereby reducing adequate food supply, and weakeningthe trees health. After the damage has been done to leaves and needles, acidrain harms the trees even more through the soil. Soil has a level of acid. Acidin the soil can do damage to the trees by releasing aluminum, which, once incontact with acid, becomes highly poisonous to forests. The aluminum will enterthe trees hairlike roots, choking them, and when these become clogged, theupper branches are no longer nourished. Even though there may be plenty ofmoisture in the soil, the tree can die of thirst. Scientists have discoveredthat the aluminum content in soil has tripled since the 1960s.3 Acid rain alsokills important organisms on the forest floor. The process of decomposition isinterrupted as the acid kills many of the bacteria and fungi that live on theforest floor. At a pH level of 4.0, the earthworm dies, further damaging thedecomposition process. Without earthworms and bacteria to decompose the debrisconsisting of animal and bird droppings, twigs and dead leaves, the materialscontinue to build on the forest floor. When debris builds up, seedlings from thetrees are not able to survive, because they can not work their way down to thesoil to root. This causes the forest to slowly disappear, as older trees die,and the forest will not be able to rejuvenate itself. Acid rain is hardest ontrees high up in mountains, because it is often covered in mist or fog,literally bathing the trees in an acidic atmosphere. Trees also suffer becauseof changes in the soil. Acid rains leach metals (draw metals out of mud androcks) in the soil, and the trees in turn intake these harmful metals throughtheir roots. Figure 1-2 shows the damage that acid rain can to do a forest HumanHealth It is known that the earth contains many metals that are potentiallydangerous to h umans, such as lead, mercury, and aluminum. Most of the time thesemetals are harmless because they are in the soil, bonded to other elements. Theproblem occurs when acid detaches these metals from the rocks and soils, and canbe carried deep into the ground and make their way to underground streams. Thesestreams eventually connect to our water sources. Medical researchers have foundthese metals can be dangerous, and on rare occasion, is even fatal. Aluminum hasbeen found to kill people who have kidney problems, and can also collect inbrain tissue. Some scientists even suspect that aluminum deposits on the braincause Alzheimers disease. (A disease that results in memory loss, nervoussystem problems, and death. Acid rain is known to irritate the whole respiratorysystem, beginning with mucous membranes in the nose and throat, all the way totissue in the lungs. Consequently, acid rain has an increased effect on peoplewith respiratory problems. The U.S. Council on Environmental Quality es timateshealth-related problems due to acid precipitation cost the United States $2billion per year.4 In August 1987, over one hundred people were treated for eye,throat, and mouth irritation when 1.8 metric tonnes of highly toxic sulfurdioxide gas leaked from an Inco plant near Sudbury, Ontario. Even Fig 1-2 Thispicture shows how a coniferous forest has been virtually destroyed. Acid rain isblamed for the destruction of terrestrial ecosystems around the world. withoutaccidents, the sulfur dioxide regularly emitted from Inco smokestacks has beenlinked to chronic bronchitis in Inco employees.5 Drinking Water Acid raindamages drinking water in various ways. Thus far, amounts of metals in drinkingwater have been minimal, however the fact that metals even leak into the wateris troubling to scientists. Since metals remain in the body once ingested, overtime, small amounts accumulate into large quantities, and it has yet to beconcluded how large an amount will prove to be harmful to humans . Acid raincauses damage by loosening metals off metal water pipes. Modern plumbing usesplastic tubing, but older systems have copper pipes. The copper pipes are heldtogether by a mixture of tin and lead. Lead is known to be extremely dangerousto humans, even in small amounts, and will cause damage to the brain and nervoussystem. A study that was done in Ontario found that water sitting in plumbingpipes for ten days contained hazardous levels of copper and lead. This discoverycould be a widespread danger, since often people will go on vacation and notshut off the plumbing, allowing water to sit and absorb these dangerous metals. Marriage And Aging EssayAcid rain can also dissolve the reinforcements that occur around large waterpipes. In some parts of the United States, asbestos is used to reinforce thecement bases that hold water pipes. Asbestos is not dangerous when bound to thecement, but is highly dangerous when separated, and has been linked to cancerand other serious diseases. Many health officials worry that loose asbestos willfind its way to the citys water when acid rain comes in contact with thecement. Effects On Man Made Structures Scientists are becoming increasinglyconcerned with acid rains destruction of the built environment. There areobjects in our built environment that are irreplaceable. Historic landmarks andstatues, old cathedrals and temples, paintings and sculpture all are part ofthe built environment and are slowly being damaged. Some of these objects arepractical, making life easier, safer or more comfortable. Many factors determinehow much damage acid rain will do, including the am ount of rain, the location,and direction of wind. All influence the amount of corrosion done. Areas thathave a large amount fog or humidity tend to suffer more than dry areas, which iswhy many steel bridges located over water get rusted and corroded by acid. Whenmetal is decayed, it cannot take the same amount of stress of weight as when itwas originally created. Acid rain has been blamed in several collapses ofbridges around the world. Acid rain corrodes the steel track used on railroads,thus the tracks must be constantly checked. Metal in air planes can also beeaten away by acid rain. The United States Air Force spends more that $1 billionevery year to repair or replace damaged parts.6 A study done in Sweden showedthat metal rusts four times faster in areas that receive a lot of acid rain. This figure is staggering, and yet, metal is not the only material damaged byacid rain. Houses and buildings made of brick and stone are affected as well. Acid rain can dissolve the mortar, which is used in cement to hold brickstogether. When the mortar is worn away, the bricks crumble more easily, becausethey shift and cannot stay intact against the heavy weight of the brickspressuring from above. The corrosive effects of acid rain are particularlyobvious on limestone, because it is composed of calcium carbonate, which ishighly reactive with acid rain. Tombstones made of marble (which ismetamorphosed or heated limestone) have been badly damaged, while oldertombstones made of slate remain intact. Famous buildings such as the Taj Mahal,The United States Capitol building and the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, areall being continually damaged by acid rain. Statues made of bronze and copperare particularly susceptible to corrosion. These statues turn green naturally,and this covering, called a patina, acts as a protective shield against theelements. Acid rain eats away at the patina, and where the acid dissolves thegreen covering, it leav es a streaky black coat. This process ruins statuesthroughout the world. How Does Acid Rain Affect the Economy? Canada/AmericanRelations Canada is particularly susceptible to the effects of acid rain. Itsgeographical location places it directly in the path of a large amount of U.S. emission, and the granite bedrock of the Canadian Shield has a poor bufferingquality. (A buffer is a material that can chemically weaken acid soil and isless harmful to the environment, such as lime or baking soda.) The lack of sucha quality renders Eastern Canada highly vulnerable to damage due to UnitedStates pollution. Canada suffers more from acid rain than the United Statesdoes, even though much of the pollution originates in the United States. Acidrain costs Canadians hundreds of millions of dollars every year. To try anddecrease the large amounts of money the pollution is costing tax payers, Canadahas passed laws to force its electrical companies to cut down on harmfulemissions. However, no matter what laws are passed in Canada, it is not possibleto stop U.S. power plants from sending acid in its direction. Figure 1-3displays amounts of emissions created by the United States and Canada. The Gavinpower plant is an excellent example of how the United States sends tonnes ofacid t o Canada every year. Every hour, this power plant burns 600 tonnes ofcoal. The higher the smokestack, the further the dangerous gases will travel,and the Gavin smokestack is 1 103 feet tall.7 Obviously, The Gavin can not besolely blamed for the pollution, but it is power plants such as these that havecaused trouble between the two countries. It is estimated that about 50% of thesulfate deposited in Canada derived from American sources.8 Sixty of the largestplants and thus largest polluters are located in the Ohio Valley, a shortdistance away from vulnerable Canadian land. In 1980, Canada and the UnitedStates signed a Memorandum of Intent, an agreement that both countries wouldmake acid rain control a priority. They both promised to focus on developingideas to cut down the amount of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissionsbeing pumped into the air. In the past, Canada has presented devastatingly largefigures to the United States, in an attempt to have them change laws andregulatio ns regarding pollution. Unfortunately, the attempts thus far have beenunsuccessful, as the US government requests more testing and studies instead ofaltering laws. In the recent past, the negotiations between Canada and UnitedStates representatives have been hardly reminiscent of efforts put forth byCanadian officials. Many U.S. politicians still qualify acid rain as a minorproblem, and it is treated as such, according to Raymond Robinson, chairman ofthe Canadian Environmental Assembly.