The Birthmark By Nathaniel Hawthorne - 1493 Words

Romantic period authors, like Nathaniel Hawthorne, a prevalent example of a Romantic author from the 19th century, believed that people were getting too reliant on on science. Romantics were literary rebels who wrote about strong emotions, the supernatural, and the power of nature. The writing style of the previous century was known as the Age of Reason, the authors thought emotion was unnecessary; they loved science and wrote a lot of non-fiction. The romantics wanted to remind people that there was nothing more powerful than human emotion and nothing more beautiful than nature. According to Jules Zanger, Hawthorne’s short story, â€Å"suggests his resistance to the expansive materialism of America s new technology as well as to the excessive spirituality of its philosophers.† The short story, â€Å"The Birthmark† by Nathaniel Hawthorne articulates the obsession with human perfection through symbols, characters’, and narrator. Aylmer, a man devoted entirely to his science, marries Georgiana, a beautiful young woman with a single â€Å"earthly imperfection† (291). This imperfection is in resemblance of a tiny â€Å"crimson hand† (292) and is clearly visible on the left cheek of Georgiana. The hand is often associated with the power and the strength of Divinity or God. In the Old Testament, in particular, the hand of the Lord represents â€Å"God in the wholeness of his power and instrumentality (Chevalier and Brant 466). Furthermore, the birthmark itself is both a symbol for the downfall ofShow MoreRelatedThe Birthmark By Nathaniel Hawthorne Essay1615 Words   |  7 PagesA birthmark as referred to in this short story is the â€Å"Differences of temperament†, the inborn traits someone can develop. In Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Birthmark there are many different themes such as, nature versus science, and perfection. We see Aylmer struggle with his own temperament. For him the birthmark becomes the symbol of Georgiana’s flawed humanity, which he tries to alternate. Throughout the story, we come across several observances of otherness revolving around â€Å"The Birthmark†. AylmerRead MoreThe Birthmark By Nathaniel Hawthorne873 Words   |  4 PagesThe Birthmark is a story by Nathaniel Hawthorne the carries vast amounts of symbolism in its pages. It’s a story that you can pretty much look at anything that is involved and see how it carries some type of underlying meaning that either helps the character development or means something entirely different. The basis of the story is similar to that of Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, which only came out about 20 years before The Birthmark. For the most part the story is about human imperfection andRead MoreThe Birthmark By Nathaniel Hawthorne1511 Words   |  7 PagesThe Birthmark Nathaniel Hawthorne like many other writers during the nineteenth century focused their writings on the darker aspects of life. â€Å"The Birthmark,† is set in New England and has a Puritan perspective. Aylmer, a well-known scientist, marries Georgiana who has a hand shaped birthmark upon her face. After some time during their marriage Aylmer and Georgiana decided to remove the mark through scientific means. Advancements in science and the ability to change nature were at the center ofRead MoreThe Birthmark By Nathaniel Hawthorne2570 Words   |  11 PagesRawan Jabr Professor Stafford English 102 November 9th 2014 Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Birthmark† â€Å"The Birthmark† is a short story authored by Nathaniel Hawthorne and published in 1848. The story is about Aylmer, a brilliant scientist who is obsessed with science and is planning to use his experiments to remove a birthmark on the face of his wife Georgiana. Aylmer’s love for science made him yearn to obtain control of the entire divinity. His wife was among his victims of science that was strongerRead MoreThe Birthmark By Nathaniel Hawthorne1185 Words   |  5 PagesAli Qutab Honor American Literature â€Å"The Birthmark† : Essay #4 December 30th, 2015 The Effect of Nature on the Scientific Ego of Aylmer Throughout, â€Å"The Birthmarkâ€Å", by Nathaniel Hawthorne, symbolism and imagery are used to show that Aylmer s attempt to perfect something natural is the cause of Georgiana s death and that when man manipulates something as powerful as Nature, terrible things can occur. Aylmer is a scientist whose strives for perfection and is blinded by his love for science, resultingRead MoreThe Birthmark By Nathaniel Hawthorne1707 Words   |  7 PagesMany of Nathaniel Hawthorne s stories are based off of morality and is heavily influenced by religious beliefs and women. Hawthorne published The Birthmark, a parable, dark romanticism, at a time when people praised the scientific method and were starting to think science could make anything possible. He set his story about sixty years earlier in the 160-year-long wake of the Newtonian Revolution, in the Age of Enlightenment, when science was gaining recognition. His story argues that, despiteRead MoreThe Birthmark By Nathaniel Hawthorne923 Words   |  4 PagesIn Nathaniel Hawthorne s â€Å"The Birthmark†, we find the tragic story of a woman named Georgiana who sacrificed her life for the sake of appeasing her husband, Aylmer. What did Georgiana do that it was more favorable for her to die than to continuing to displease her husband? Georgiana, who was otherwise hailed as incomparably beautiful, had a birthmark on her face. Aylmer desired this to remove this birthmark, which he considered the one thing keeping her from being â€Å"perfect†, from her face. In anRead MoreThe Birthmark By Nathaniel Hawthorne913 Words   |  4 Pagesstory The Birthmark, Nathaniel Hawthorne used Aylmer and his wife Georgiana to display that no person can be perfect. He does this by using Aylmer obsession with perfection and science. His wife Georgiana beauty is amazing and almost perfect, except for a crimson scar on her check that looks like a hand. Aylmer wants to remove the mark that symbolizes imperfection, sin, and mo rtality; though it could result in death. In the act, he is acting like God. Hawthorne’s argument in The Birthmark is our imperfectionsRead MoreThe Birthmark By Nathaniel Hawthorne Essay1399 Words   |  6 PagesThe Birthmark Criticism Analysis The short story â€Å"The Birthmark† by Nathaniel Hawthorne was written in 1843 at the beginning of the largest feminist movement in the United States of America which occurred between the years 1840 and 1920 (National). Furthermore, during the 1830s and 1840s there were many women who spoke out about women’s rights. They argued for many changes with one of them being a social change in their duties to be subdominant to males. They rallied around the prohibition by fightingRead MoreThe Birthmark By Nathaniel Hawthorne1081 Words   |  5 PagesIn Nathaniel Hawthorne’s short story, â€Å"The Birthmark†, the narrator immediately reveals Aylmer’s unusual obsession to his wife’s, Georgiana, hand-like birthmark. Aylmer’s abnormal obsession is so extensive, the birthmark even consumes him in his sleep dreaming of an operation for the removal and cringing anytime he sees it. Georgiana is completely in love with Aylmer that she’ll do an ything to make him happy, even jeopardize her own life undergoing procedures to remove the birthmark. Within the narrative

Sublime Contemporary Works From The Collection - 1495 Words

Art Republic Sublime: Contemporary works from the Collection â€Å"An artwork is said to be Sublime if it has an awe-inspiring quality.† (M Slater, 29th September 2014) The Sublime: Contemporary works from the collection exhibition at the Gallery of Modern Art evokes an intense emotional response from the viewer. Ellie Buttrose (Associate curator of International Contemporary Art) described the exhibition as â€Å"a presentation of the various ways that artists engage with the Sublime in contemporary art†. (E Buttrose, n.d.) The exhibition overwhelms the viewer’s senses; they begin to marvel in the enormity and grandeur of the culturally diverse artworks. This vast range displayed throughout the exhibition, according to the Head of†¦show more content†¦(Need to describe what this means and how it shows the demographic) The exhibition provides a variety of sculptures along with paintings by a variety of artists which widens the audience as the exhibition isn’t subjected to one particular style. The boundlessness and overwhelming quality that is the Sublime is represented throughout each artwork and provides the cohesion of the exhibition. However, each artwork represents different themes and concepts related to the specific cultural background that the artist has come from or is representing. Xu Bing’s engaging artwork; ‘A book from the Sky’ constructed on woodblock print represents the The grandeur in contrast to the detailed characters inscribed on each sheet within the artwork is a powerful statement that draws in the viewer and invites questions and clarification as to the significance. The thousands of characters which have been meticulously inscribed onto each sheet represent the ever imminent power of printed texts which have the ability and influence to not only manipulate but also construct societal views. In the current age of digital media text and touchscreen prints, the scale and precision of the handcrafted scribe is both beautiful and testament to cartographic skills long since used and a reminder that the craft is diminishing. Also displayed throughout the exhibition is world renowned English artist, Anish Kapoor’s, Void. Void, which was constructed out of fibreglass and pigment in

Triple Entente Alliances Balance

Question: Discuss about the Triple Entente Alliances Balance. Answer: The Triple Alliance also recognized asTriplice.It was a top secret agreement between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy and created on 20 May 1882 which modifies periodically till World War I. Italy required help against France shortly after the loss of North-African objectives to French. Each associate assured mutual support in the incident of a violence by any former grand power. According to the treaty, it was decided that Germany and Austria-Hungary will assist Italy if ever attacked by France. In return, Italy will also provide assistance Germany attacked by France or whenever needed. After 5 months of Triple Alliance was renewed on 1 November 1902, Italy finds a perceptive with France that each one must remain neutral in the occurrence of an attack on other. (Albertini, L. (1952) The two powerful countries, Germany and Austria-Hungary were already collaborated by 1879 while, expecting an intimidation from Russia, to escape from such future hazardous possibilities they formed the Dual Alliance. After that, in 1882 Italy joined the group. There was an apprehension and anxiety about a potential attack from France and hence the Alliance needed powerful associates to help and more importantly defend it. These three needful countries decided to assist one another whenever needed or when any of them should be attacked. Triple entente: The Triple Entente simply means agreement or understanding involving the French Third Republic, the Russian Empire, and the UK of Great Britain Ireland. The considerate between three powers, incremented by conformity with Portugal, Japan, and constituted an influential counterbalance to Triple Alliance. Perhaps historians still continue to debate about importance of the powerful alliance approach in ignite the Great War. In 1914, when the First World War started, all three Triple Entente components entered it as supporter of World War I against the Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Central Powers. (Tomaszewski, F. K. (2002) In 1890, Germany strictly refused to replenish its re-insurance treaty created with Russia. Russia in significance wanted a rapprochement with France. At that time, France face off with an all the time more powerful Germany and an aggressive Central European grouping. All this created a great need of a collaborator or supporter. And French civil servant began to build approach to the Russia for an agreement to compensate the Triple Alliance. French capital give support to the vital Russian projects, especially including the Trans-Siberian RR, and gracious ambassadorial visits were switch over or exchange. In 1891, there was a crystal-clear understanding between all the powers. Overall, this was strengthened by a military convention in 1893.By 1894, the Dual Alliance between France and Russia came into existence. Besides this, this treaty was publicly accredited in the year of 1895. This has something led to equalise the strength and co-corporation in the midst of Triple Alliance and Triple Entene Rothenburg, G. E. (1976). These are the two most influential and international incorporation of states that conquered extensively the political and circumspect history of Europe. It continued from 1882 until they came into divergence during World War I. Each nation showed great interest in helping itself and attaining power and province than it was in serving its allies. For instance, Austria-Hungary was a controlling looking country, but still it was constantly struggling to coagulate the multiple nationalities that fell beneath its domain. At that time, it was so demanding coping with its domestic complications that it eventually needed support from the Germany to meet its basic and necessary goal of capturing region in the Balkans. Germany knows exactly the feeble country; Austria-Hungary was absolutely willing to employ that fact to its benefit. It must help its partner acquire some Balkan territory and then, possibly, grab a bit for itself and it could maybe manage Austria-Hungary as well. Finally, Italy was escaped out to capture land in Turkey, Greece, and the Balkans, and it needed well-built allies to get it done. After much secret negotiation, in 1915 Italy combines with the Allies and afterward in preceding year Romania performs the same. The war accompanying in a fresh ambassadorial period, with new-fangled ambassadorial alignments, encapsulating both Triple Alliance along with Triple Entente move away into history. There is a balance of power witnessed among the Triple Alliance and Triple Entente which led to favour that there is an equal power distribution that would remarkable impression of both the power. References: Albertini, L. (1952) the Origins of the War of 1914, Vol. London, the Free Press. Rothenburg, G. E. (1976). The Army of Francis Joseph. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/austrian-history-yearbook/article/rothenberg-gunthere-the-army-of-francis-joseph-west-lafayette-ind-purdue-university-press-1976-pp-xiii-2981200/CCF8C7AF0333589606634ACF3AD8E4CB. Henig, R. B. (2002). The origins of the First World War, Psychology Press. Tomaszewski, F. K. (2002) a Great Russia: Russia and the Triple Entente, 1905-1914, Greenwood Publishing Group. Feuchtwanger, E. J. (2002). Bismarck, Psychology Press.

Worth It free essay sample

For the first 17 years, 1 month, and 14 days of my human existence, I led a largely pleasant and non-catastrophic life. That life, however, took a turn in the early hours of October 9, 2017, when, due to a local fire of then-unknown scale, my family and I were urgently evacuated from our home. Taking nothing but the barest essentials with us, we left our house, unknowingly for the last time, it being one of the thousands that were burned down in the wildfires that ravaged Northern California. Two months later, on December 14, we learned that in the early hours of that morning, my cousin Gabriel, just a year older than myself and one of my closest friends, had committed suicide. These two separate events, entirely different in scale and impact but both utterly devastating in their own right, forced me to reconsider the aspects of my life I had considered inherent or unchangeable: stability; the particular role of community; generosity; family; and myself as an individual, now navigating life with the added weights of hardship and heartbreak. We will write a custom essay sample on Worth It or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I have often wondered about the meaning of things, as I’m sure we all do. If one accepts—and I do—that each individual life, and frankly, the entire Earth, is but a single thread woven into a greater tapestry of the universe, galaxies, and space, then everything we do in our daily lives seems quite meaningless. Why worry over destroyed material goods, when even the most precious family artifact is only important to such an infinitesimal portion of the population? Why should members of the community go to such incredible extents to show their support for people going through unprecedented times? Why does a single death even matter in the grand scheme of things, and why should I pummel myself with questions of Why? How? and What could I have done? Living with only an appreciation of that meaninglessness, however, results in a listless and depressed life, devoid of anything that really makes it worth living. So, I have adopted a new personal philosophy: positive nihilism. Or, as I like to think of it, a pragmatic approach to optimism. I realize that there are a myriad of definitions of nihilism out there, from â€Å"total and absolute destructiveness, especially toward the world at large and including oneself† (dictionary.com) to â€Å"the belief that nothing in the world has a real existence† (Oxford Living Dictionaries). In fact, for full disclosure, no word that I know of exactly defines the idea I’m trying to express; nihilism simply comes closest. For this explanation, I define nihilism as the belief that nothing in the world as we know it is significant or relevant to existence as a whole. However, as we are all here, alive in this confusing and contradictory world, we might as well put ourselves to good use and try to better the lives of everyone around us. After all, the only thing each of us knows with absolute certainty is our own unique, individual experience of life. We have nothing else to go off of, so why not work to ensure health, happiness, and the best this human experience h as to offer for all? Thus, positive nihilism. With this idea, I can attempt to answer the questions I posed earlier. We grieve lost material goods because they grounded us to the lives we had built for ourselves. A community rises magnificently to meet a challenge because in doing so each individual gives something and receives something in return, and that exchange crosses boundaries and barriers, transcends selfishness and strife, and simply makes everyone happier. It does not matter whether or not a single death is significant to the world; that it is significant to me is enough, and if the added tally-mark to a terrible statistic results in lasting change, so much the better. The hardest questions, those most devastating and transforming, I cannot answer, nor do I think I ever will. Yet by accepting that there is not necessarily an answer to everything—or anything, for that matter—I can free myself to look for the good and the positive, simply for the sake of making the life that I and every citizen of the worl d have worth it all.

50 Topics for Impromptu Student Speeches

50 Topics for Impromptu Student Speeches For the many people who break out in a sweat at the very idea of speaking in front of an audience, the prospect of speaking on an unknown topic with little to no preparation is likely terrifying. But you dont have to be afraid of impromptu speeches. As it turns out, the secret even to off-the-cuff speeches is preparation. Impromptu Speech Tips Decide on your topicCome up with three supportive statements related to your topicPrepare a strong conclusion Use this list of impromptu speech topics to practice making a quick speech outline in your head. For each of the topics below, just think of three main points youd like to make. For example, if your speech topic is Your least favorite chores, you could quickly come up with three statements: I dont know anybody who likes to fold laundry, so the first task on my list of unhappy chores is folding laundry.Taking out the trash is another chore that most people dread, and Im no different.The worst chore in the entire household has to be cleaning the toilet. If you go into your speech with these statements in your head, you can spend the rest of your time thinking up supporting statements as you speak. When youve identified your three main points, think of a great finishing statement. If you end with a great closer, youll really impress your audience. Start Practicing With This List My three favorite animals.What you would find in my closet. Make something up.What youd find under my bed.The best letter of the alphabet.Why your mom/dad is special.A day that stands out.The best surprise ever.I lost it!If I had a million dollars to give away.If cats/dogs ruled the world.A trip to remember.My favorite day of the year.If I could only eat three foods forever.If I could design a school.Why books are important.Three surprising facts about me.How to impress your parents.How to plan a party.A job Id love to have.A day in my life.If I could have dinner with anyone.If I could travel through time.My favorite book.An important lesson Ive learned.What Ive learned from cartoons.The smartest cartoon character.Three things Id change if I ruled the world.Why sports are important.The worst chores at home.Why I deserve an allowance.If I were in charge of school lunches.If I had invented school.The best theme park rides.Whom do you admire most?What is your favorite animal?How to achi eve your dreams. Why you need a baby brother.How to annoy an older sister.How to save money.Three things that scare me.Great things about snow days.Things you can make out of snow.How to spend a rainy day.How to walk a dog.Great things about the ocean.Things Ill never eat.How to be a slacker.Why I like my town.The best parts of a parade.Interesting things you see in the sky.Things to remember when youre camping.An experience with a bully.

Angels and Demons Book Review

Angels and Demons Book Review When Dan Brown published his fourth  novel, The Da Vinci Code, in 2003, it was an instant bestseller. It boasted a fascinating protagonist, a Harvard professor of religious iconography named Robert Langdon, and compelling conspiracy theories. Brown, it seemed, had come out of nowhere. But the bestseller actually had precursors, including Angels and Demons,  the first book in the  Robert Langdon series. Published in 2000 by Simon Schuster, the 713-page turner  takes place chronologically before The Da Vinci Code, although it doesnt really matter which you read first. Both books revolve around  conspiracies within the Catholic church, but most of the action in Angels and Demons takes place in Rome and the Vatican.  As of 2018, Brown has written three more books in the  Robert Langdon saga, The Lost Symbol (2009), Inferno (2013), and Origin (2017). All but The Lost Symbol and Origin have been made into films starring Tom Hanks. Plot The book opens with the murder of a physicist working for the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Switzerland. An ambigram representing the word  Illuminati, referring to a centuries-old secret society,  has been branded onto the victims chest. In addition, the director of CERN soon learns that a canister filled with a type of matter that has the destructive power equal to a nuclear bomb has been stolen from CERN and  hidden somewhere in Vatican City. The director calls in  Robert Langdon, an expert on archaic religious symbolism, to help unravel the various clues and find the canister. Themes What follows is a fast-paced thriller focused on Langdons attempts to discover who is pulling the strings within the Illuminati  and how far their influence goes. Its major themes are religion versus science, skepticism versus faith, and the hold that powerful people and institutions have over the people they supposedly serve. Positive Reviews Angels and Demons  is an intriguing thriller for the way in which it mixes religious and historical elements with a sense of foreboding. It introduced the general public to an ages-old secret society, and was a unique entry into the world of conspiracy theory mysteries.  While the book may not be  great literature  per se, it is great entertainment. Publishers Weekly had this to say:   Well plotted and explosively paced.  Crammed with Vatican intrigue and hi-tech drama, Brown’s tale is laced with twists and shocks that keep the reader wired right up until the final revelation. Packing the novel with sinister figures worthy of a Medici, Brown sets an explosive pace through a Michelin-perfect Rome. Negative Reviews The book received its share of criticism, mainly for its historical inaccuracies presented as fact, a criticism that would carry over into The Da Vinci Code, which played even more fast and loose with history and religion. Some Catholics took offense at Angels and Demons, and with its subsequent sequels, stating that the book is nothing but a smear campaign of their beliefs. Conversely,  the books emphasis on secret societies, alternative interpretations of history, and conspiracy theories might strike pragmatic readers as more of a fantasy than a fact-based thriller. Finally, Dan Brown doesnt hold back as far as violence is concerned. Some readers might object to   or find disturbing the graphic nature of Browns writing. Still,  Angels and Demons has sold millions of copies worldwide, and remains a popular read  with lovers of conspiracy-laced thrillers.

Data analysis2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Data analysis2 - Essay Example It came to be known that dropouts can happen mainly on account of two issues. Someone gets burdened with personal workload like getting married or becoming pregnant as was the case for Assia and Meriem. Another prominent reason for dropout was the mismatch of expectation. Anna found the course curriculum comprised of historical research in the field of childhood whereas she wanted to learn more about dealing with children. Marwan’s interest in electronics and creativity prompted him to go for a course in multimedia, but soon turned into boredom as he was not satisfied by the course. Smain had found his interest in English and registered for a course which turned out to be relating to British history. This disappointed him to quit studies and concentrate on his family business. The essence of the analysis reveals important feedback for the authorities monitoring education in the country. All the students interviewed are enrolled in the famous London Metropolitan University. Those who had to shoulder family responsibilities like marriage and bearing a child were found to be interested in completing the journey of acquiring knowledge sometime in future. One of the noticeable finding from the analysis has been the fact that most of the dropouts occurred because the corresponding students did not find the subjects to be as interesting and enriching as they had perceived before enrolling themselves. This made them to break in the midst of the course. But they also had a tacit desire to make up for it sometime in future by enrolling at a better place and complete the journey. In some cases, the student found earning money to be more challenging and thus decided to take care of the family business. This leads to an important conclusion. Universities and education al institutes need to review the course curriculum so that it remains updated and contemporary. A course should be designed with the view of enriching a student with practical

Equality and inequality in the American society in 1830s -1840s Essay

Equality and inequality in the American society in 1830s -1840s - Essay Example During this period, inequality was manifested socially, economically, and politically. Socially, different groups of American had unequal access to wealth, power, resources, and prestige (Atack, and Passell 67). Based on your gender, race, ethnicity, age, religion, and nationality, American society accorded favor to some groups. For instance, blacks and the minority groups were subjected to slavery and workmanship. They served the upper tiers Americans under exploitation and hardship. Besides, in the labor market, American employers practiced nepotism and wage discrimination especially to the minority groups including women, blacks and Hispanics. Inequality was further practiced in political and elective sectors. The minorities especially blacks had limited participation in electoral and democratic process of the United States. They were not allowed to actively take part in the electoral process, thus denying them their rights and freedoms. On the other hand, during this period, there was income inequality in the United States. Income and resources were unevenly distributed in the society with only 1% of the top social class owning more than 78% of the limited resources and wealth (Atack, and Passell 67). Changes in the labor market Until mid-nineteenth century, American economy was agriculturally dominated. The agrarian revolution period was characterized with low wages, wage discrimination, lack of labor unions, and force labor. However, after the moving from agricultural to industrial, the marker of the united states undergone transformation. The labor market moved from ‘force labor’ to ‘free labor’. These reforms in the labor market were pioneered by the social l egislation of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal. Although labor organizations and the changes in the labor market were harshly received by the employers who had strong exploitative philosophy, the reforms were very beneficial to the working forces. As a result of the reforms, exploitation, low-wage, poor working conditions, lack of workmanship protection and compensation regime ended (Altonji and David 45). Besides, work place discrimination and inequality cases were negligent. The powers of the unions were reinforced, which in turn increased the collective bargaining power of workers and increased their rights, protection, and freedom. These reforms also reduced the wage disparity based on gender, race, color, age, or nationality. However, the transformation of the labor force from manufacturing to services led to a decline in industrial productivity. Massive immigration to the U.S in 1820s-1850s In the first half of the 19th Century, United States reported an influx in the number o f immigrants especially after the Civil War. Being beginning of industrial revolution, these immigrants were of great economic benefit to the United States as the immigrants worked long-hours at a relatively low wage rate. From 1820 to 1850, approximately 23 million people migrated to the United States for a various reasons. Some came as laborers, other came to seek refuge, and others came to serve as indentured servants while a small fraction of them came to attain higher education. As a common phenomenon in human migration, the ‘pull’ and ‘push’ factors are practically behind these increased cases of immigration to the United States. The ‘push’ factors which forced the immigrants to desert their original homes included famine, poverty, wars, military drafts, crippling taxes, and unemployment

Petrophysics Essay Example for Free

Petrophysics Essay Abstract The South Tapti gas field, located in the Arabian Sea off the western coast of India, has been on production for the last three years. Drill Stem Tests (DST) conducted in five zones in the first appraisal well showed high sand production in all the tests at drawdowns as low as 20 psi. Due to the unconsolidated nature of the reservoir sand, it was decided to gravel pack all future wells. Initially, the High Rate Water Pack (HRWP) technique was used on 13 completions including some stack and selective completions. Due to a change in the drilling fluid to an oil based mud (OBM) system and the higher damage associated with the it, it was later decided to switch the gravel packing technique to ‘Frac and Pack’. This involved creation of a small frac to bypass the near wellbore damage using a gel-based fluid, followed by gravel placement using the HRWP. The Frac Pack technique was tried on 10 completions. Extensive production and pressure data collected on the above completions show that the ‘Frac Pack’ technique has led to a decrease in the mechanical skin by almost 70 %. More importantly, it has also been responsible for decreasing the Rate Dependent Skin Coefficient, D, by 50 %, which has a greater impact on the well productivity since these wells are produced at average rates of 25 MMSCFD. This paper describes the gravel packing techniques used in the South Tapti gas field, their evolution and the results achieved. Inroduction The South Tapti field, located off the Western coast of India, is represented by a series of alternating sand and shale sequences. The upper reservoir intervals are dominated by tidal-bar and channel sands deposited in a deltaic environment while the lower sands represent incised valley deposits consisting largely of alluvial/fluvial channels, tidal bars and tidal creeks. The exploratory wells drilled in the field indicated strong sand production tendencies due to the unconsolidated nature of the reservoir rock. This was corroborated by extensive testing of the first development well when all the five zones tested produced sand even under extremely low pressure drawdown conditions. The completion policy for the field focused on preventing sand ingress while minimizing the near well-bore damage inherent in any sand control application. The early development wells were gravel packed using the high rate water pack (HRWP) technique. These initial completions were highly successful in preventing sand production but also induced significant damage in the process. The problem was accentuated when the drilling mud system was changed to an oil base system in an attempt to offset recurrent drilling problems arising out of unconsolidated sandstone and presence of reactive clays. This called for a change in completion philosophy in order to ensure that the wells retain high productivity with effective sand control. Geologic and Reservoir Characterization The South Tapti field is localized by a broad SW-NE trending, doubly plunging anticline. The field has up to 13 different Oligo-Miocene gas bearing sands, separated by shales. The reservoir sands were deposited in both incised valley and deltaic settings. Reservoir sands within incised valleys consist of alluvial/fluvial channels, tide-influenced channels and tidal bars. The channel sands typically are the cleaner sands with excellent porosity permeability and up to 20 m thick, whereas the tide-influenced channels and tidal bars are shalier, with more modest porosity and permeability. CLAY MINERALS 1. Abstract: Tapti Basin in Surat Depression, Bombay Offshore is characterized by entirely siliciclastic succession. The cores and cutting samples, and wireline logs provide important information about the stratigraphy, basin fill, mineralogy, source and reservoir rock characteristics. Well under study is located in South Tapti sub-basin and contains gas-bearing sandstone within Mahim Formation of Late Oligocene age. The cuttings and cores have been megascopically examined and with the aid of electrical log data, the litholog of the well is prepared. The study involves XRD and major element analysis of selected samples. The XRD and digital log data from Natural Gamma Sepctrometry (NGS) log indicate that montmorillonite is the major clay mineral present in the upper part of the succession, whereas kaolinite present in the lower part (1868 m MD to 2427 m MD). Kaolinite is apparently formed by early stages of burial diagenesis, whereas montmorillonite is a weathering product of the Deccan Basalt. Interpretative lithology from the well log response shows that reservoir sandstones have developed within the depth interval of 1865m TVD to 1945 m TVD within dominantly shale lithology. Reservoir sandstones are semiconsolidated, medium to coarse grained and moderately well sorted. Quartz is the dominant detrital component in all the sandstones. Pay sands are quartz arenite whereas non-pay sands are quartz wacke with varying amount of clay matrix. Kaolinite in the reservoir section reduces the permeability of quartz wacke, but enhancing porosity in microlevel. Carbonate, siderite and iron oxide are main cementing material. Major element data showing that clastic sediments were delivered to the basin possibly by the Proto Tapti river but they may be having dual source of origin. The discriminant functions of Meyer and Nederlof, 1984 has indicated that the studied formations do not have source rock potential. Key words: Tapti Basin, Bombay Offshore, hydrocarbons, provenance and clay minerals. quartz wacke, but enhancing porosity in microlevel. Carbonate, siderite and iron oxide are main cementing material. Major element data showing that clastic sediments were delivered to the basin possibly by the Proto Tapti river but they may be having dual source of origin. The discriminant functions of Meyer and Nederlof, 1984 has indicated that the studied formations do not have source rock potential.

Physics of the Golf Drive Essay -- physics sport sports golf

This paper examines the physics involved in driving a golf ball off the tee. The objective of a drive is to achieve the greatest distance while leaving the golf ball in the middle of the fairway. Several factors will be considered in achieving the longest, and most accurate drive. The factors include calculating the velocity of the golf ball after the club and ball collide, the mass of the club head, launch angle, the shape of the club face, and finding the optimal golf ball. Intuition tells us that the larger the velocity of the club head at impact with the golf ball, the larger the velocity of the golf ball after the impact. To calculate the velocity of the golf ball we need to consider the relationship between the velocity of the club head to the velocity of the golf ball. If the collision between club head and ball were elastic we would be able to use Conservation of Mechanical Energy and Conservation of Momentum to determine final velocities of club head and ball after collision, but the golf ball undergoes some deformation at time of impact, thus some energy is lost. A simple test of bouncing a golf ball on a solid surface shows that the golf ball does not return to it's initial height. The elasticity of a ball (e) is equal to the proportion of the velocity before collision to the velocity after collision. If the collision was elastic, e = 1. If the collision was perfectly inelastic, e = 0. The value of e is between 0.70 and 0.80. In order for there to be a collision the initial velocity of the club head must be greater than the initial velocity of the golf ball. Also for there to be separation, the final velocity of the golf ball must be greater than the final velocity of the club head. Thus the eq... ...ar Application to Golf.† The Physics of Sports. By Angelo Armenti, Jr. New York: AIP Press, 1992. 71-76. 2 Daish, C. B. The Physics of Ball Games. London: English Universities Press, 1972. 3 Kim, Kevin. Shut Up and Play. 23 Nov. 2002 . 4 MacDonald, William M., and Stephen Hanzely. â€Å"The Physics of the Drive in Golf.† American Journal of Physics 59.3 (1991): â€Å"213-218†. 5 Penner, A. Raymond. â€Å"The Physics of Golf: The Convex Face of a Driver.† American Journal of Physics 69.10 (2001): â€Å"1073-1081†. 6 - - -. â€Å"The Physics of Golf: The Optimum Loft of a Driver.† American Journal of Physics 69.5 (2001): â€Å"563-568†. 7 Serway, Raymond A., Robert J. Beichner, and John W. Jewett, Jr. Physics for Scientists and Engineers. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders College Publishing, 2000.

Monopoly versus perfect markets Essay

This paper investigates the two extremes of market structures. A monopoly firm, and a firm which operates in a perfectly competitive market. We will compare features, similarities, differences, advantages and disadvantages. The monopoly firm I have chosen is Thames Water. This company is an accurate example, as it’s the sole supplier of the industry. The firm, is the industry. Thames Water supply water through peoples taps in and around London. Fyffe is my chosen firm in a perfectly competitive market. I think this is a good example. It sells bananas to supermarkets and food suppliers, who resell on to customers. The next two paragraphs explain the features of perfect competition, then a monopoly. â€Å"The theory of perfect competition illustrates an extreme form of capitalism. † (Sloman, 2007:113) There are many suppliers, who all only supply and produce a small fraction of the total output, of the whole industry. None of the firms have any power over the market. (Mankiw, 2001) Barriers to entry do not exist. Therefore firms can enter and leave the market freely. Apart from the money and time it takes to set up the business, there are no other obstacles. Both producers and consumers have perfect knowledge of the market. Therefore they both know prices which should be paid, quality which should be met, availability of the product. Market opportunities for expansion, and entry opportunities in the industry as a whole. The price Fyffe must charge for their bananas will depend upon the demand and supply of the whole market, not just Fyffe personal demand. Hence they have no power over prices. They must follow the market forces. (Sloman, 2007)Established firms in the banana industry have no advantage over firms who have newly entered the market. (Parkin, Powell, Matthews)â€Å"This means they can sell all the products they can produce at the market price, but none at a price which is higher. † (Sloman, 2007:114) If Fyffe raise their selling price above p1, their demand will drop to 0, because if Fyffe raise the price of their bananas, consumers will just buy from another firm selling at the current market price. Illustrated in diagram 2. (Beardshaw, 2001) All firms operating in the banana industry sell a homogenous product, all the firms in the industry sell an identical banana. The theory states there is not a great need for advertising or branding. (McConnell, 2008) I would agree with this statement in the context of bananas. Advertising is not needed as people will not look for a specific brand of banana. They all taste the same. However I think a firm in a market selling shampoos and conditioners would need a certain amount of branding and advertising so people choose their product and gain customer loyalty. In the shampoo industry products are not as homogenous. A pure monopoly owns 100% of the industry. Thames water have a great deal of power, and are price makers, thus they set the price to how much they want to charge. If the consumer cannot, or doesn’t want to pay the price, they have to go without the tap water. In the short run both perfect competition and monopolies can make economic profits, losses and supernormal profits. Only monopolies can manage to sustain super normal profits in the long run. â€Å"Persistant economic profits are called monopoly profits. † (Dobson, 2005:99) Monopolies can sustain supernormal profits and remain safe and unaffected by competition due to barriers to entry. Supply to the industry does not increase with new entrants. (Hunt, 1990). There are many types of barriers to entry. Thames water is known as a natural monopoly, meaning there are barriers to entry due to large economies of scale. (Sloman, 2007) Capital equipment is so expensive and large scale that only one sole supplier could manage to make a profit in the water industry. However Thames Water incurred low marginal costs once they are set up. â€Å"If average cost falls as output increases over the entire range of market demand its a natural monopoly. † (Dobson, 2006:100) â€Å"Each would have a very high average cost at a low output. † (Begg, 2005:134) Correspondingly Thames Water gain barriers to entry through lower costs. This is an artificial barrier. The firm is experienced in their field. Has good knowledge of their market, and will be able to gain the best rates of interest on finance, the best suppliers at the lowest costs, and lean methods of production. Other firms would struggle to compete. If a firm decided to set up and compete with Thames Water, and failed by going out of business there would be huge sunk costs. This occurs when high amounts are spent on capital expenditure, which cannot be used on another business venture. (Sloman, 2007) This is an example of exit costs. It would be a huge loss to the firm, and would discourage firms from entering the market. Thames water also have patents copywrite and licensing. The next two paragraphs explain the effect on demand for perfect competition, then a monopoly. For Fyffe the price charged for the bananas is equal to marginal revenue. Average revenue and demand are also equal to price. If average cost dips below average revenue the firm will earn supernormal profits. If demand is above where marginal costs and marginal revenue meet the firms will be making normal profit. See diagram 2. Normal profits cover opportunity costs of the owners money and time. If Fyffe set output below equilibrium marginal cost would exceed marginal revenue and profit would be lowered. If Fyffe raised output above equilibrium marginal costs would exceed marginal revenue and profits would also be lowered. See graph 1. (Dobson, 2005:99) The demand curve is elastic for the banana industry, but not perfectly elastic. Hence why it slopes downwards in diagram 1. If there is a rise in price for bananas, consumers will spend less on the product, and Fyffe will entail a fall in revenue. In contrast if the price of bananas drop, consumers will buy more of the product, and providing the firm is covering their costs they will receive an increase in revenue, because bananas can be relatively easily substituted by another cheaper fruit. Furthermore bananas will sell for a cheaper price when they are in season, due to a larger supply to the market in this period. Fyffe is perfectly elastic which is why their demand curve is horizontal. See graph 2. The firms prices are not affected by their output and their decisions do not affect the industry. (Ison, 2007) Firms must produce at equilibrium to maximise profits, which is where the market supply, meets the market demand, as illustrated in diagram 1. Short run â€Å"assumes the number of firms in the industry does not increase, as there is not enough time. † (Sloman 2007:114) When a firm produces quantity and price, where marginal costs, and average costs meet they are breaking even. See diagram 2. (Begg, 2005) Consumers are charged a price which is equal to what it costs the firm to produce the extra unit. See diagram 2. If the demand curve for bananas increases short term, the demand curve will shift to the right. See diagram 3. This results in a higher equilibrium and a higher selling price. As selling price has increased farmers will raise their output by increasing their variable costs such as labour and materials. This will result in a larger profit and profits are maximised. As illustrated in diagram 4. In contrast if the demand for bananas was to decrease, this would cause a shift to the left in the demand curve. See diagram 5. This results in a lower equilibrium for the industry, and a fall in the selling price. Consequently all firms in the industry including Fyffe would reduce output, by decreasing variable factors and the firm would suffer economic losses. As illustrated in diagram 6. (Dobson, 2005) If Fyffe or Thames Water are not covering their average total costs in the short run, they should carry on trading, but if they are not covering their short run average variable costs, it would be cheaper to temporarily close down. The theory is known as the short run supply decision. (Ison, 2007) In the long run any firm should close down if it is not covering its total average costs as it is loss making. Called the long run supply decision. (Begg, 2003) When demand increases and selling prices rise in the long term, existing firms are making supernormal profits. Several new firms will enter the market. The supply curve will shift to the right, and supply will increase, which will lower market price. As more new industries join firms reduce their output until they are making a normal profit again. Output of the whole industry will be larger now that more firms are in the market, and there is no incentive for firms to enter, or leave the market as breakeven profits are being made. Referred to as the entry or exit price. When there is a decrease in demand, prices will fall, and firms will reduce output to minimise losses. Eventually due to losses some firms will leave the market which lessens supply and the supply curve will shift to the left. This raises prices due to restricted output, and farmers will start to make normal profits again. So there are less firms and less output in the industry. (Dobson, 2005) In the long run there are no fixed costs in any industry, as firms can change their plant size or machinery. Resulting in a long run supply curve which is flatter than the short run. (Begg, 2003) If all firms operating in the industry restricted supply together increasing demand and prices, new firms would enter the market which would increase supply and lower prices. (Begg, 2005) Thames water are price inelastic, and have a low income elasticity of demand, because there are no close substitutes for their product, and water is a essential item. However they are not perfectly inelastic, as a rise in price will still amount to a small drop in quantity demanded. This means Thames water’s revenue will increase with a rise in price, and decrease with a fall in price. A profit maximising level of output is where marginal revenue is equal to marginal cost but rising up to the demand curve to obtain price. See diagram 9 (Sloman, 2007) The demand curve in diagram 9 represents the value of Thames water to customers, and the marginal curve shows the costs Thames water must pay. The marginal revenue curve must lie below the downward sloping demand curve as marginal revenue is less than price. The further the distance between the demand curve on the right hand side and the marginal revenue on the left the more inelastic the demand, see diagram 9. (Dobson, 2005) ) A firm cannot produce to the right of marginal revenue as this part of the diagram is inelastic. In order for the monopolist to sell a larger amount, the price must be lowered on all previous units, so to prevent this the monopolist may restrict output to keep a larger revenue. Creating scarcity and raising the equilibrium price. (Begg, 2005) â€Å"The excess of price over marginal costs shows the monopolies power† (Dobson, 2005:102) The power to raise prices by selling a smaller amount of output. Diagrams 8, 9, and 10 show long run economic profits, normal profits and losses. Thames water will then check weather the profit maximising level of output covers their total costs in the long run and variable costs in the short run. (Begg, 2003) Thames water is not a contestable market due to the fact it’s a natural monopoly, and has very high barriers to entry. This means they can charge high prices and make supernormal profits, without the threat of competition and new entrants. (Sloman, 2007) Thames water may want to behave ethically when setting prices. If they choose too high a price which people cannot afford this could lead to poverty, but if they charge too low a price this could lead to a wastage of water. Monopolies often use price discrimination when setting prices. Although Thames water do not. Perfect competition cannot use this method. Particular consumers are charged a higher price for an identical service so the monopoly can earn higher profits. (Ison, 2007) Revenue is not lost from previously sold units when price is reduced. More output can be sold ands firms can catch some of their consumer surpluses. See diagram 12. â€Å"Surpluses are the difference between actual price paid and what consumers will have been willing to pay. † â€Å"So the business is treating the demand curve as the marginal revenue curve† (Ison, 2007:138) Only works when consumers cannot buy the product for a cheaper price and sell on to others. (Begg, 2005) A firm operating in perfect competition will achieve allocative efficiency. This exists when price is equal to marginal costs. â€Å" Society is better off when resources are allocated to maximise the total surplus in the market. † (Dobson, 2005:91) Productive efficiency will also be achieved, meaning Fyffe will produce and sell their output for the lowest price they can in the long run giving consumers the best possible value for money. â€Å"Price equals minimum average total cost. † (Dobson, 2005:92) This is good for consumers and society as consumers get the best possible value for money. (Sloman, 2007) Perfectly competitive markets are critised for having a lack of variety, unable to fully satisfy consumers wants and needs. Furthermore the long term entry and exit of firms can be a waste of certain resources such as empty buildings. This is called competitive forces in action. (Dobson, 2005) Monopoly’s are in a position to give us a lower price if they decide to, due to economies of scale. The marginal cost curve is lower than the supply curve in their graph which means the firm can supply more output at a lower production cost. Supernormal profits can fund research and development which will improve the quality of the product. Therefore the monopoly can innovate and introduce new products. (Ison, 2007) However some firms may not do this as they do not need to fight to stay in the industry, with no competition around. (Mankiw, 2001) Joseph Schumpeter said in theory monopolies have more ability and incentive to innovate which can make them better for society. If you imagine a whole industry was taken over by a monopolist, they could eliminate competition and charge very high prices, by reducing output level to which raises price. Supernormal profits represent a redistribution of income from consumer to producer which can be critised on equity grounds† (Ison, 2007:137) Monopoly firms have been known to â€Å"engage in dirty tricks to protect themselves from competition. † They do not produce an output which minimises average costs. Making them productively efficient. â€Å"Perfect competition is rare due to larger companies expanding, gaining economies of scale and market power. Resulting in other firms being forced of the business. So if economies of scale did not exist any industry could have perfect competition. † (Dobson, 2006:94) Monopolies are also rare, and both are extremes of market structures. Most firms lie somewhere between the two. I think the two firms I picked are a fair comparism. They are both from a mixed economy. Thames water will have regulating agencies monitoring them. There are only 3 legal monopolies in Britain Thames Water included. In the past there was a significant amount of monopolies which were government owned. When Margaret Thatcher came into power she privitised these firms as she believed competition would lead to greater efficiency and lower prices which would benefit society as a whole. I agree with her decision and I think after researching, perfect competition appears to be the better option for consumers. Monopolys benefit society in certain situations such as retained profits ploughed back into research and development for medical reasons, and natural monopolies who could not survive in a perfectly competitive industry. Monoplies and perfect competition are becoming more rare as time goes on and who knows what will happen in the future.

Future Trends in Health Care Essay

Personal face-to-face communication is and will continue to be the foundation of the patient- physician relationship. Electronic communication between caregivers and patient through telephones web-sites and e-mail are forcing medical staff and physicians to rethink the way they provide care to the patients, the accessibility to on-line health and wellness information. Home monitoring systems, personal health records, and on-line support groups is making it possible for society to take charge of their health (Center for Practice Improvement and Innovation, 2008). This paper will look at electronic forms of communication; new and old be used externally as a delivery source of conveying patient specific information, the impact of distance delivery on health care, the use of electronic systems to transfer records, and the impact of said systems today and a projected five years in the future. Physician practices, for nearly a century, have relied on the telephone to communicate to communi cate with patients. The telephone have been used to relay lab results, handle consumers renewing prescriptions, scheduling patients for their appointments, and reminding patients of future appointments. In addition to medical personnel use, the telephone is used to communicate to other departments or facilities, unit to unit communication, and insurance companies. The telephone can be also used as a clinical tool. With patient who are chronically ill and have established a relation ship with the physician, the telephone can serve as a office visit (Center for Practice Improvement and Innovation, 2008). With advancement in technology, as the number of patients and physicians acquiring the means to electronically communicate increases, the willingness and desire to apply the provisions to ambulatory care ahs gathered momentum. Caring for patients electronically increases productivity, practice efficiency, and lowers operating costs. On-line communication can produce these results through reduced administrative costs, fewer telephone calls, and growth by attraction of new clients. Compared to phone calls, e-mail transcripts are less distractive and can be performed relatively  inexpe nsive; they are self documenting and can be done at the leisure of the physician. On-line communication allows the patient to read and reread to gain a better understanding of directives. The use of internet communication results in patient retention and patient satisfaction (Center for Practice Improvement and Innovation, 2008). The safest way to communicate on-line is by using a secured messaging system. HIPAA regulates that all health care organizations protect all patient health information, especially health information being transcribed electronically. A secured site for medical information is to protect unauthorized users from access. The most common protection for electronic information is installing an encryption system (Center for Practice Improvement and Innovation, 2008). The Impact of Delivery on Health Care Information technology tools incorporated in medical practice results not only in service availability and improved quality but also in transformation of the care delivery model. Health care systems in the modern sense, relies on the concepts of patient continuity of services, shared care, and empowerment. These fulfillments can be made possible by establishing safe electronic contact between patients and physician. The use of telemedicine applications improves the process of exchanging information between medical professionals representing different areas of medicine and referential levels. Telecommunication progress and computer science leads to transformation in other domains. Information technology opens the window for assuring appropriate healthcare quality within reasonable cost (Duplaga, 2004). The Use of Information Technology As consumers demand more opportunities to use the internet. The internet is transforming the consumers as they interact with the health care system. Telemedicine for remote patient monitoring of patient health is increasing in use by doctors and health care providers. The internet is also transforming health care through electronic medical records. Records stored electronically boosts survival rates ad improves coordination by allowing facilities and medical providers access to share medical information with ease. An electronic medical record is the heart of any computerized information system in health care. In absence of this, modern technologies such as decision support systems cannot be integrated into the clinical  workflow. Current Electronic medical records systems are delivering safe, high quality health care. Medical vision and need for use is why telemedicine was created. Telemedicine cover a wide range of capabilities. Telemedicine can be defined as the delivery of image s, data and sound enabling medical practitioners that diagnose and provide options in medical care at a distance. The transmission of this medical data can be accomplished through other technology systems such as the telephone, web using interactive video, computer or fax. Real time applications and store and forward are two types of telemedicine systems delivery. With real time systems, participants are using the system at the time of care delivery. Such as two doctors discussing methods of treatment or delivering treatment. Specialized software such as exam cameras and other imaging devices can make the atmosphere of both participants being in the same room. A store and forward system does not require that. Using this system allows medical personal to gather needs resources such as, Patient medical history, images, and other pertinent data. One can then recommend treatment at a later date or time. Physicians may use these systems to train and learn as they can provide real life, real time experiences (Masys, 2010). Information technologies have the ability to affect distribution and the types of jobs in the health care Industry. In a background of a growing body of knowledge in the realm of health sciences, recent models of decision making by clinical practitioners, relying mainly upon their memory and personal experience, will be inadequate for effective health care delivery in the twenty-first-century. In the health care industry, information activity is intense. From the point of view in business, two kinds of action are performed: medical procedures to support therapy, disease prevention, diagnosis, and the communication, acquisition and storage of information. Information technologies have launched a social trend and will continue to have a huge impact on the health care industry. The ring bearer of this trend is the internet. The internet brings access to interpersonal communication and information on a large scale to millions of people world wide. In 2001 roughly 54 % of Americans were using the internet and the adoption rate from new comers with this technology is about two million per month (Masys, 2010). Most American children are both using a computer and accessing the internet in their homes or at school. E-mail lists,  disease-related chat rooms, offshore pharmacies, internet telemedicine services, and hundreds of alternative and conventional medical websites are the panicle of a world with personal choices. Evidence suggests that for internet users with acute illness, making doctor appointments has changed from first to last resort, a trend that is strengthened by the decision of services in environment of manage care (Masys, 2010). In conclusion, it can be very difficult to predict how medical practices will use electronic communication in the years to come. Just implementing a system is not going to have a great impact on the quality of care delivered. The systems have to be exceptional design and can be used effectively for it to impact the quality of care. However, one can rest assure that the role of communication will grow significantly More patients are demanding that physicians communicate with them electronically and physicians are recognizing that this media can be a key tool in managing the demands facing their practices, thus adding fuel to the trend. Reference:. Center for Practice Improvement and Innovation. (2008). Communicating with Patients Electronically. Retrieved November 27, 2010 from http://www.acponline.org/running_practice/technology/comm_electronic.pdf Duplaga, M. (2004). The Impact of Information Technology on Quality of Healthcare Services .Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Retrieved November 28, 2010 from http://www.springerlink.com/content/mlc0atymr41lllq3/ Masys, D. (2010). Effects Of Current And Future Information Technologies On The Health Care Workforce. Health Affairs. Retrieved November 25, 2010 from http://content.healthaffairs.org/cgi/content/full/21/5/33

Events Leading Up to the American Revolution essays

Events Leading Up to the American Revolution essays It has been said that the American Revolution was a direct result of the French and Indian War. Throughout this essay, this statement can be proven by a line of supportive occurrences such as the acts, taxes, laws, and drastic events that the colonists suffered from and endured first-hand that can back-track the cause of the revolution (proving, again, that the war debts from the French and Indian War directly raised conflict that would build up through the years). Tensions immediately start to build in the colonies right after the "7 Years War," or the French and Indian War. Beforehand, the American Colonies had just begun to somewhat prosper from the comfort of the distance of the monarchical rule of Great Britain when everything ran right into conflict; they had started to improve economically and politically. Indirectly what led to the American Revolution after the French and Indian War (which ignited a 'spark' or 'resistance' in the colonists) was based on this unique America n character and the lack of understanding which the British Government or Parliament had for it. After the French and Indian War, England was heavily in debt. This was the most that they had ever been in debt in their history. Two years before the end of the war King George II died, and his grandson George III became king. King George III was a great "control freak" considering his obsessive need for governing power. Even when the king had administered officers and officials to regulate the colonists, he felt an even more desire to "stir things up." Even though Parliament had seldom interfered (except to pass the Acts of Trade and Navigation, laws relating to finance, and laws prohibiting or limiting certain colonial manufacturing), the attempt it had taken to raise money in the colonies by certain acts placed it with the restrictive legislation and dictators administrators. This forced Americans, for the first time, to express their concerns of the p...

Adrienne Clarkson Biography

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What Makes Up Marine Ecosystems Environmental Sciences Essay An ecosystem can be defined as an area where there is an interaction between all the non-living and living components. The complete group of organisms inhabiting the ecosystem can be called a community. The abiotic non-living components include such items as air, water, soil sunlight all of which may be critical to the survival of the organisms (Soper et al 1997). Odum (1969) described the ecosystem as a single entity composed of many different parts dynamically interacting with transfers of energy and considers the ecosystem to be a unit of biological organization made up of all the organisms in a given area (that is community) interacting with the physical environment so that a flow of energy leads to characteristic trophic structure and material cycles within the system. This more elaborate explanation is still applied today and is more relevant as it takes into account the important issue of energy flow between the components. Marine ecosystems include oceans, coral reefs, estuar ies and coastal areas such as lagoons and kelp beds. An appreciation of the fundamental definition described above allows us to understand how the ecosystem concept can be extrapolated from smaller marine ecosystems such as coral reefs or sea grass beds to bigger ones such as the Caribbean Large Marin Ecosystem (CLME) which is an interconnected complex of these and many other smaller ecosystems. Duda (2002) describes the large marine ecosystem (LME) as a vast marine area which begins with and includes coastal regions and estuaries and eventually stretches out to continental shelf limits and areas dominated by coastal current systems. Sherman et al (2004) use the following more detailed factors to develop criteria for demarcating LMEs ; bathymetry, hydrography, productivity, and trophically dependent populations. Several of the 64 LMEs spread out across the globe also occupy spaces which are semi-enclosed seas for example the Caribbean and Baltic seas are two semi enclosed seas which form the respective CLME and Baltic Sea LME (BSLME). Another factor used in determining the seaward extent of LMEs is the area affected by the major ocean currents of the world, hence, for example the North Brazil Shelf LME (NBSLME) is delimited by the North Brazil Current system and its extent. This factor therefore sometimes supercedes the 200 nautical mile of EEZ fisheries zone limits criteria. The understanding of the concept of the LME is fundamental to this study as the area of interest transcends the boundary between two adjacent LMEs namely the CLME and the NBSLME (see figure 1.) (Polygon delimiting actual study area needs to be inserted on this diagram) Figure 1. The Caribbean and adjacent Large Marine Ecosystems. (Fanning et al. 2009) Resources and Ecosystems Seagrass, coral reefs and mangroves are very common marine coastal ecosystems within the CLME. The outflows of two of the largest river systems in the world, the Orinoco and the Amazon have a great impact the LME of the Caribbean (CLME, 2007)., the former having the greater effect due to its closer proximity, approximately 100 km from the south coast of the island of Trinidad. The North Equatorial Current moves in a generally westward direction from the mid Atlantic region into the Caribbean basin through the Lesser Antilles and thus many of the islands within this area are impacted by its nutrient poor nature (see fig 2). The islands of the South Eastern Caribbean however, especially the twin island nation of Trinidad and Tobago are heavily impacted by the Guiana Current which enters the Caribbean along the northern coast of South America (fig 3). It has been stated that the freshwater outflows from the Amazon and Orinoco has a significant impact on the Guiana current (Morrison and Smith 1990). Muller-Karger et al. (1988) illsutrate that the Amazon River discharges the most amount of freshwater into the ocean from any single point source. The North Equatorial Current (NEC) as represented by the Mariano Global Surface Velocity Analysis (MGSVA). The NEC is the broad westward flow that is the southern component of the N. Atlantic subtropical gyre. It is fed by the Canary Current and its waters eventually end up in the Gulf Stream system, either via the Antilles current or through the Caribbean via the Guiana current. (Bischof et al. 2004) South equatorial current, North Brazil Current and North Brazilian Current are all terms which have been applied to the Guyana current. Flagg et al. (1986) suggest that the misappropriation of the names is due mainly to the seasonal nature of the adjacent currents. The Guyana Current starts off as the North Brazil Current which carries along the south American coastline up to the region of French Guiana where part of it diverges and rejoins the North Equatorial Counter Current. The Guiana Current is formed from the remainder which continues along the coast in a northwestward direction (Condie 1991) The Caribbean current as represented by the Mariano Global Surface Velocity Analysis (MGSVA). The Caribbean Current transports significant amounts of water northwestward through the Caribbean Sea and into the Gulf of Mexico, via the Yucatan Current. The source water for the Caribbean Current is from the equatorial Atlantic Ocean via the North Equatorial, North Brazil, and Guiana Currents. The counter-clockwise circulation of the Columbia-Panama Gyre is evident off-shore of southern Central America (Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama) and northern Colombia. (Gyory et al. 2004) (Gyory et al. 2004) The Caribbean exhibits a great degree of spatial and temporal differences when it comes to its marine environment. Coral reefs are a prime example of the diversity of its ecosystems and its species as most of the corals and associated species found in the region are endemic making this biodiversity of international importance (Burke and Maidens 2004) The interdependence and flow of energy from the nearshore more productive habitats such as the reefs, mangroves and seagrass beds to the less productive open ocean areas such as the planktonic and pelagic systems and the environmental conditions that influence them are not well understood at this point. Why conserve and manage marine ecosystems? The importance of marine ecosystems and hence the need for their sustainable management can be best illustrated by two main factors; the direct and indirect services they provide and the ensuing natural and human based stressors that they face. Marine ecosystem services Humans often view the oceans as a huge waste bin while simultaneously as a perpetual source of food. With five percent of the worlds protein supply coming from the sea and up to 15 percent is selected areas such as China and Japan our dependence on the ocean for food is immense. There is a wide range of services apart from being a food source that humans garner from the oceans, to fully appreciate these one must first come to terms with the varying scales of spatial distribution and time which these services may be provided. Obviously different regions will provide various services due to their different physical makeup and constituents for example near shore coastal ecosystems provide most of the services of a particular type due to their highly productive nature whereas open ocean areas provide most of the regulating services and chemical balancing mainly due to its immense size. The medical, spiritual, aesthetic values of the ocean are also great but often receive lesser attention. Recently much interest has been placed in carbon sequestration and the role of the oceans and marine ecosystems in acting as carbon sinks slowing the global climate change process Garcia and Cochrane (2005) mentions this and categorizes ecosystem services into four main areas; provisioning, supporting, regulating or cultural. The function of coral reefs, mangroves and even salt marshes in buffering coastal areas from wave and storm damage was apparent during the 2004 Asian tsunami and the 2005 Gulf of Mexico Hurricanes. It is well known that coastal habitats such as mangroves, salt marshes, coral reefs, and sea grass beds act as nurseries for young fish and other species while also providing a source of income and employment generation. The fisheries sectors of many a nation is fuelled by the highly productive upwelling zones mainly in and around New Zealand, Chile/Peru, South Afr ica and the western United States. Also in terms of biodiversity 16 of the 36 animal Phyla that exist occur only in the oceans, this fact has implications for the biochemical and medical fields for human use (Baskett et al 2005). Marine ecosystem stressors Most of the worlds population lives in or near to coastal areas for many different reasons. Primarily most of the jobs exist in and around the coastal zone as this is where many of the major cities and ports occur. Also food and recreation and leisure activities are gained quite easily from the seas. As a result of the high population densities experienced by the coastal regions a lot of the significant ecosystems and coastal marine communities are being negatively impacted due to human activities (Halpern et al., 2007, 2008). Pollution of various forms have caused increase nutrient enrichment, eutrophication, sedimentation due to land degradation and mismanagement and changes in the hydrological patterns. Climate ahnge is another signifjicant contributor the the deterioration of the marine ecosystems and have taken a heavy toll on coral reef systems in particular (Baker et al. 2008). GESAMP (2001) lists the modification and demolition of habitats, sewage run off and impacts on human health, rising eutrophication and nutrient enrichment and the decrease in fish stocks as well as alteration of sedimentation pattern due to hydrological changes and land degradation as some of the most significant issues facing coastal and marine areas and ecosystems. How are they Managed? Ecosystem Based Management (EBM) Conventional types of natural resource management have been replaced over the years by a more rounded approach ecosystem based management (EBM) which focuses not only on specific sectors but is more all inclusive. Traditionally, activities that influence the management process have been engaged independently and have not considered the collective impacts on the ecosystem (Curtin and Prezello 2010). EBM is a new approach that considers a broader range of contributing factors (ecological, environmental and anthropogenic) in designing a management technique. Management techniques including coastal management, fisheries management and the designation of marine protected areas (MPAs) help to drive EBM related models. Christie et al. (2007) also stress that ecological function and pertinent scales must be considered in the EBM process. Arkema et al (2006) summarize it most effectively: Ecosystem based management represents a much broader view than how marine ecosystems have been managed tr adition- ally, taking into account the interconnectedness and inter- dependent nature of the components of ecosystems, and the fundamental importance of ecosystem structure and functioning in providing humans with the broad range of services that are taken for granted. Cury et al. (2005) notes three key issues that must be adhered to in EBM; establishing lasting goals that are pertinent to the particular ecosystem, defining meaningful indicators, and determining suitable models, data gathering tools and means for analysis. INDENT (2006) provides an assessment of a wide range of indicators, while mechanisms for marine ecosystem management and monitoring are outlined by Hoffman and Gaines (2008). Biological monitoring makes use of indicator species and also considers numbers of particular species, this is especially useful in fisheries monitoring to detect when a disturbance in a specific area in this regard fisheries monitoring is considered a tool on its own. Tracking variations in the water quality or physical habitat is termed environmental monitoring and is separate from biological and fisheries monitoring. The multitude of stressors which influence the marine environment can have many sources, including estuaries, coastal areas and even far away areas such as watersheds. At the highest level therefore EBM should take into account watershed impacts (Guery et al. 2005). Also from a management perspective it has been suggested that an approach which begins at the lowest scale and then makes its way up to the level of large marine ecosystems thereby allowing a greater number of stressors and the services that they impact to be considered Agardy (2007) and Rosenberg (2006). Sustainable management and application of marine ecosystem services always need to consider the relationship between the socioeconomic and ecological parts of the entire system across the various scales involved. Indicators The fisheries resources within an ecosystem are directly related to the primary productivity of that ecosystem (Pauly and Christensen 1995). The ever increasing problem of coastal eutrophication can be monitored by utilizing ecosystem productivity as an indicator. Ecosystem characteristics can be observed through the use of satellite data. Satellite data that has been tuned to a specific region can provide data on nutrients, productivity, phytoplankton, and sea surface temperature (Aiken et al. 1999; Berman and Sherman 2001; Melrose et al. 2006). The 2004 National Coastal Condition Report II illustrates the use of five indices for coastal assessment put forward by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). These include water quality, sediment quality, benthic communities, coastal habitat, and fish tissue contaminants. These indicators and the entire methodology are gradually being applied to the international global environment facility (GEF) funded LME projects. The Gulf of Mexico LME and many European LMEs have suffered due to nitrogen overenrichment over recent decades. The 1970s Green Revolution which saw much of the wetlands of the world being transformed to agricultural lands and the subsequent fertilizer and livestock increase are said to be the major contributors to this process (Howarth et al. 2000 and Duda and El-Ashry 2000) with other contributors coming from urban sewage sources and automobile exhaust. Indicators used for Marine Management The increasing range and intensity of human uses has led to a need for efficient management of marine ecosystems in the region. Marine ecosystem indicators can play a key role in improving the planning and management practices within the marine environment for sustainable use (Borja et al. 2008b; 2009). Indicators enable managers and stakeholders to monitor the condition of an ecosystem and the impacts of its associated human activities. Indicators can also be used to support planning and decision-making for ecosystem-based management, including problem identification and policy implementation. More than a decade ago the chief method employed in assessing marine quality was the use of indicator species collected from the benthic communities. A wider approach is now being undertaken with the inclusion of the physical components as well as a greater range of biological components (Pinto et al., 2009). Fishes, phytoplankton and zooplankton are biological components that are now part of the ecosystem assessment process and are being used as indicators for marine quality evaluation (Borja et al 2009). True marine quality assessment is usually done by incorporating the various physico-chemical and biological elements of the system (Borja, 2005, 2006). Moloney and Shillington (2007) show that it is necessary to have indicators for ecosystem health however, individual indices can be applied for various aspects of the physical and chemical environment. Further work is required for the establishment of an effective method of defining the single indicator for assessment of marine qual ity (Borja et al., 2008a). The past approach had several deficiencies chief of which was it usually was based on just a few indicator organisms which may not have been a true representation of the ecosystem condition. On the other hand developing several indices based on several different organisms has seen a proliferation of indices (Diaz et al., 2004). Another key point to consider is the validation and testing of an index once it has been developed to ensure its accuracy. Obviously the usefulness or applicability of an index lies in its ability to accurately transmit the information about the quality of the study area for which it was designed (see Borja and Dauer, 2008). It is important to note that local scale indices have been generated in abundance in recent times not taking into account the interconnected nature of the larger marine ecosystems. A key step in index development is the multivariate analysis over areas where the ecosystem compositions are close by comparison. Borja et al (2009) have illustrated clearly that stakeholders and decision makers often need information on larger regions that cross habitat boundaries and thus scale is an important factor in index development. Nextà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Indicators for marine management derived from Satellite Remote Sensing

Business :: essays research papers

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This study will examine the overall affect on society, as well as the historical aspect of the integration of African-Americans, into sports in the United States of America. This study is also designed to discuss and or break down any racial stereotypes involving African-American athletes. Most importantly, this study will also examine the progression that African-Americans have made on the field as athletes and in corporate America as well. The overall affect that integration had on society will be discussed first. The acceptance and the scrutiny of the African-American athlete will be examined. Secondly, the researcher will discuss some of the many racial stereotypes that African-American athletes have to live up to or even hold their heads in shame because of. The third and final area of research is to discuss the progression that African-Americans have made in the world of sports during the years after integration.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The majority of the literature for this study was obtained from various websites and written material discussing the aforementioned topics. This study will not be the first of kind, however the information that was discovered is different than previous studies that have been done on this topic. Since the birth of the United States, this society has been capitalistic in nature. The basis of capitalism is competition. The business that is the best will win or make the most money. This is also the true nature of sports as well. Even though sports took on this mentality, it is still leaps and bounds ahead of society when it comes to equality. After- all Jackie Robison was a Brooklyn Dodger five years prior to the Brown vs. Board of Education case in 1954. In many ways sports in America have become a microcosm of what society should be.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although Jackie Robinson’s barrier breaking entrance into the Major Leagues was probably the most important event to take place in sport history, it is not the first time African-Americans were involved in sports. Early records have shown that African Americans were involved in these sports whenever given the opportunity to participate. On the other hand, American sports are filled with records of African American athletes capable of participating in the broad sports arena but not given the chance due to their race. Therefore, as sports grew into an American popular pastime, it also grew along on separate fields with race as a dividing line.

The Train Station ( Creative Writing )

It was the cold seemingly endless winter of 1947 in Paris , Latin Quarter. . Sheets of snow put the rest of the district in almost complete obscurity; all but steeples and tall spires were invisible, on such a bleak day as this. The railway station was a vast cavity made to look smaller by the hoards of hagglers, travellers, tourists, natives and locals. Beggar boys being whisked from sight and hidden by wardens with preying eyes and superstition written all over them. The wonderful smell of the patisserie on the opposite side of the benches wafted around.Although it was only a railway station it held a certain grandeur, however it was not so now, for that was it in its former glory. A truly different sight beholds me now,creepers and vines reach upward, like the boney fingers of a witch. Corridors with cracked flagstones out of which weeds protrude and moss lingers. Must hangs in the air. Rust continues to corrode the tracks, graffiti encapsulates and engulfs the far wall. Tattered posters show a glimpse of what used to be of the place. Old newspaper flutters in the wind, floating on a cushion of wind. Alcoves show the remains of where shops used to trade.Like a black and white movie no colour was really visible. Some were,vaguely, but most not. Something strange hung in the air: an almost haunted aura. Only smashed windows provided light. The old wooden sleepers lay decaying, riddled with termites and millipedes. Forty years of decline and decay, decisions made, money paid,much to be gained as restoration is to begin, windows replaced, rusty tracks turned shiny again, wood turned concrete as the sleepers were replaced, graffiti became mosaic tiles, must became fragrance and dull became vibrance, grit became shine, and disused became used and indeed much was regained.

Point of Sale and Inventory System

ABSTRACT Title: Point of Sale System for Stone Pro Enterprise Researchers: Serolf, Jham Year : 2013 Course: Computer Science Technology Adviser: CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND 1. 1 Introduction Man have come a long way in doing business transactions with each other. From the primitive ways of exchanging goods or â€Å"barter system†, to the more complex â€Å"e-commerce† or doing business transactions with the help of the internet. With technology rapidly changing and upgrading every now and then, companies must adopt to be able to excel in each businesses’ â€Å"cut-throat† competition.Automation of one’s point of sale and inventory system puts you a step ahead in the game. It helps you conduct business transactions with ease as you only have to press a few keys. It liberates you from countless paper works as computation of the day’s sale and keeping track of inventory are done automatically. With these things in mind, we, the Blue Link Technology group , hopes that upon completion of this Proposed Point of Sale and Inventory System, Stone Pro Enterprise will find it of great value and an indispensable asset in the company.That through the use of this System, unnecessary loss of time spent on computation of payments will be minimized and greater client satisfaction will be achieved. On the part of the management, knowing which products are in need of procurement and which are not, will help avoid over stocking and greatly minimize unnecessary expenses. At the end of the day, all transactions will be properly documented and generation of reports will just be a few keystrokes away.Finally, we hope that with the development of the said System, we will be able to help Stone Pro Enterprise become a company more competitive and quality wise, worthy of recognition in the local industry. 1. 2 Background and purpose of the study Most companies nowadays use computers in transacting with their clients. Companies are now making their systems computerized because using a computerized system will help the company minimize the time and efforts consumed by using manual system.Stone Pro Enterprise provide not only cleaning services for your natural stones flooring, but also offer wide variety of floor care supplies and products. A sale refers to the exchange of product or services for an amount of money or its equivalent while Inventory in a business, is a total amount of goods and the act of counting them. A company owner must know the precise number of items in their storage areas in order to place orders and control losses. Computerizing both Sales and Inventory System will make an easier and faster transaction with the customers as well as monitoring the stocks of the products.The benefit of Point of Sale with Inventory system is that this system makes a business much more efficient, lowering the costs of running the business while improving customer service and making the business more pleasant to work in while Computerized inventory system helps management control the inventories, in turn lowering overall operating costs in the areas of labor, facilities and logistics. A computerized inventory system also improves customer-service metrics and fulfillment rates. 1. 3 Theoretical Framework The study is for Stone Pro Enterprise by using â€Å"Visual Basic† that were relatively easy to learn and use.The researchers were able to analyze the speed properties. Analyzing the point of sale design and code; it is important because the study needs to have a quality for the transaction to be accepted and a good imitator of transaction. The study use IPO chart on knowing the output of the study. The input will be a design and code. The input will pass through several process. These are the speed of transaction. 1. 4 Conceptual Framework Figure 1 Research Paradigm Point of Sale System Stone Pro Enterprise 1. 5 Statement of the Problem Stone Pro Enterprise System requires some compu ter literacy on the user part.It's not trivial investment in time or money to set up. If the user doesn't have basic knowledge then the technical requirements of this POS system may baffle him. Ignoring normal practices the this POS system will confound and frustrate each user. The whole idea of this system is for the user to follow the rules, learn accounting terminology and become more disciplined. If this will be practice, then this POS system can bring a tremendous advantages. 1. 6 Hypothesis This study is intended to design and develop a Computerized Point of Sale System for Stone Pro Enterprise 2013. Specifically, this study aims: . To minimize the effort of the staff in in processing the on Stock Inventory 2. To make an efficient and accurate computation of cash Registry 3. To create a well-arranged database and to implement strong security of the system for data security. 1. 7 Significance of the Study To Admin Department The proposed system will help the admin section of St uff the Buss School Supplies. It will help to lessen the time and effort of the payroll maker/bookkeeper preparing payments of employees. The System develop can accommodate changing figures and produce a paperless environment through well design database.To Proponents This study will help the proponents to enhance the ability on how to create an understandable computerized system in an easy way. This will serve to the proponents as a challenge to do a better system. To the other Researcher This study gives knowledge to the researcher on how to create a Computerized System in understandable way. This will serve as a fresh ground for the researcher whose study will be related in the field of Information Technology. 1. 8 Scope and Limitation Scope This study is designed to develop a Computerized Point of Sale System for Stone Pro enterprise.It covers the process of preparing the on stock inventory record, keeping of cash registry records safety and computing the exact daily revenue. Th e proposed computerized Point of Sale System is expected to generate receipts and report list of daily and monthly revenue. Limitation The proposed Computerized Point of Sale System for Stone Pro Enterprise does not support network topology implementation and online program or online transaction. 1. 7 Definition of Terms Point of Sale – or  checkout  is the place where a transaction occurs in exchange for goods or services.The point of sale often refers to the physical electronic cash register or dedicated POS hardware used for checkout, but the POS is simply the location where the sale is conducted, money changes hands and a receipt is given. Transaction –   an agreement, communication, or movement carried out between a buyer and a seller to exchange an asset for payment. Cash Register – is a mechanical or electronic device for calculating and recording sales transactions, and an attached  cash drawer  for storing  cash. The cash register also usual ly prints a  receipt  for the customer.Inventory Control System –   is a process for managing and locating objects or materials. Computer Software –   is a collection of  computer programs  and related  data  that provides the instructions for telling a  computer  what to do and how to do it. Computer Hardware – equals the collection of physical elements that comprise a  computer  system. Computer System – A complete, working  computer. Computer systems will include the computer along with any  software  and  peripheral devices  that are necessary to make the computer function Program – is a sequence of  instructions  written to perform a specified task with a  computer.CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE 2. 1. Foreign Literature Over the years, more enhancements were made to the cash registers until the early 1970s, when the first computer-driven cash registers were introduced. The first computer-driv en cash registers were basically a mainframe computer packaged as a store controller that could control certain registers. These point of sale systems were the first to commercially utilize client-server technology, peer-to-peer communications, Local Area Network (LAN) backups, and remote initialization.In the late 1980s, retail software based on PC technology began to make its way into mainstream retail businesses. Today, retail point of sale systems are light years ahead of where they began. Today's POS systems are faster, more secure, and more reliable than their predecessors, and allow retailers to operate every facet of their business with a single, integrated point of sale system. Since computer power was the critical resource, efficiency of processing became the main goal. Emphasis was placed on automating existing process such as purchasing or paying, often within single department as indicated by Jeffrey A.Hofer on Modern System Analysis and Design (1996). Points of sale (P OS) systems are electronic systems that provide businesses with the capability to retain and analyze a wide variety of inventory and transaction data on a continuous basis. POS systems have been touted as valuable tools for a wide variety of business purposes, including refining target marketing strategies; tracking supplier purchases; determining customer purchasing patterns; analyzing sales (on a daily, monthly, or annual basis) of each inventory item, department, or supplier; and creating reports for use in making purchases, reorders, etc.Basic points of sale systems currently in use include standalone electronic cash registers, also known as ECRs; ECR-based network systems; and controller-based systems. Today, point of sale systems are light years ahead of where they began. Today's POS systems are faster, more secure, and more reliable than their predecessors, and allow retailers to operate every facet of their business with a single, integrated point of sale system. 2. 2 Local Literature Computers began from a wild imaginative idea to the world’s highly prioritized tool.Computers today are now used as a substitute to manual processes and other past inventions like the radio, television, etc. It is now used by people for much simpler, easier and faster way to do things. Some used it as a hobby, and some use it as a job. Technology has never stopped from advancing through the years. Its new innovations helps answer the people’s further complex questions. Why not use these advantages to benefit ourselves? Many people use computers in their daily lives.Some use it for transactions, some use it for educational purposes and others use it for data storage. Though it might sound unnecessary but in some cases when storing a file for such a big company, can you manage it properly? Organizing, finding a file, etc. With computers, it can help you simplify the process of storing and managing the files you need for future use and make finding files easier than the manual process. With our proposed Point of Sales and Inventory System In business like Stone Pro Enterprise , Sales and Inventory system plays an important role.It is used to track all the transactions made by the business and responsible for monitoring the items supplies. All the business transactions must be properly recorded and must be fully secured by password. A Computerized system is the best solution and most innovative answer for their needs. The researchers had been motivated to do a study on this topic according to the above observation. The result may help others to understand more about computer-generated data processing, especially on how to deal with computers in terms of speed, accuracy and data security. 2. Related Studies In exploration, we find new techniques, new knowledge, even develop new substances, gadgets, equipment, processes or procedures, imagination and skill is employed by the researcher. The commodities, new devices, services, in technology a re needs of man for a better fuller life which is the concern of the research. These useful arts are the products of the technological environment and the end-user is society in general. The fast growing trend and innovation in technologies today prompts researchers to conduct studies about the efficiency of    system program.This Chapter presents a brief review of literature and studies, both local and foreign that is related to these studies. 2. 4 Foreign Studies 2. 5 Local Studies 2. 6 Synthesis CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This chapter outline the research methodology of this study. The research was conducted in six phases and the research methodology will be discussed under several phases : research design, setting of the study, subject of the study, source data, hardware and software requirements and statistical treatment to be use to come up with an effective proposal. . 1 Research Design The descriptive method of research was used for this study. To define the descriptiv e type of research, Creswell (1994) stated that the descriptive method of research is to gather information about the present existing condition. The emphasis is on describing rather than on judging or interpreting. The aim of descriptive research is to verify formulated hypotheses that refer to the present situation in order to elucidate it. The descriptive approach is quick and practical in terms of the financial aspect.Moreover, this method allows a flexible approach, thus, when important new issues and questions arise during the duration of the study, further investigation may be conducted. Descriptive research on the other hand is a type of research that is mainly concerned with describing the nature or condition and the degree in detail of the present situation. This method is used to describe the nature of a situation, as it exists at the time of the study and to explore the cause/s of particular a phenomenon. The aim of descriptive research is to obtain an accurate profile o f the people, events or situations.With this research type, it is essential that the researcher already has a clear view or picture of the phenomena being investigated before the data collection procedure is carried out. The researcher used this kind of research to obtain first hand data from the respondents so as to formulate rational and sound conclusions and recommendations for the study. The descriptive approach is quick and practical in terms of the financial aspect. 3. 3 Subject of the Study A Point of Sale (POS ) System   is a  system  for managing the sales of retail goods.The term is used to refer to the software and hardware associated with check out stands, and all of the bundled features which are included. Most retailers use a POS  system  at their check stands or counters, and several major manufacturers offer POS systems designed for various types of businesses, ranging from grocery stores to clothing boutiques. Using a POS  system  makes a business much more efficient, lowering the costs of running the business while improving customer service  and making the business more pleasant to work in.In the retail trade, the â€Å"point  of  sale† is the moment when a customer walks up to a counter with goods and prepares to purchase them. A POS  system  handles the transaction, whether it takes the form of an  adding machine  and a hand written receipt pad, or a complex computer system. Except in the case of very small businesses, a current POS  system  usually takes the form of a computer  system. 3. 4 Sources of the Study Our source data is divided into 2 groups, namely the source data based on direct observation and data sources based on indirect observations. . ) Source of data based on direct observation, among others: †¢ Conducting  field studies, it was held at the time we worked at a company engaged in the field of office equipment. †¢ Observation of the market to determine market prices. â € ¢ Discussion fellow colleagues, college friends and group member . 2. ) Source of data based on indirect observations: †¢ Searching  the internet. †¢ Lecture notes †¢ Visual Basic Handbook 3. 5 Procedure of the Study We made our own questionnaire for our study to know the outcome of Point of Sale System.Then we distribute it to our respondents after they answer the question we tallied and get the average of the verbal interpretation. 3. 6 Project Design [pic] [pic] 3. 7 System Flow Chart [pic] Figure 2 System Flowchart 4. 5 System Algorithm Our computerized system allows business owners to track sales, cash flow and item inventory. This system will also calculate the total of all the items that have been purchased. It will ensure not only that the items has been calculated accurately but it will also eliminate the chance of a wrong price being entered.It help retrieved purchase history, item sales detail, stock status reports, monthly, yearly, and seasonal sales data. Also this will prevent theft and also help to maintain a record of what is being sold. This will also help to monitor the employees. It will generate and print professional looking receipts. 3. 9 Hardware and Software Requirements The Point of Sale System by Blue Link Technology is the software which will be used. The operating or the platform that will be going to use is Windows XP, Visual Basic 6. 0 as the front end and Microsoft Access 2007 as the database. Hardware minimum requirements Intel Pentium 3 3. Ghz with 512mb RAM. 600 x 800 screen. 3. 10 Statistical Treatment Database – The united collection of data, usually stored in one computer file in one location, although databases can encompass information from many sources and locations. Discount – reductions to a basic price of goods or services Frequency Count – This is the most straight-forward approach to working with quantitative data. Items are classified according to a particular scheme and an arithmetical count is made of the number of items (or  tokens) within the text which belong to each classification (or  type) in the scheme.Percentage – A  fraction  or  ratio  with 100 as the fixed and understood denominator. Weighted Mean –   is similar to an  arithmetic mean  (the most common type of  average), where instead of each of the data points contributing equally to the final average, some data points contribute more than others. The notion of weighted mean plays a role in  descriptive statistics  and also occurs in a more general form in several other areas of mathematics. Tender – In business, a term synonymous with payment or type of payment. CHAPTER 4 PRESENTATION ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATAIn this chapter states the level of acceptability of the developed system, the significant difference on the perception of the respondents to the developed system, development of the system, program flowchart, program algorithm , program listing, program output and user manual. 4. 1 The level of Acceptability of the developed system |Questions |Cashier |Employee of Stuff the |Weighted Mean |Verbal Interpretation | | | |Bus | | | |1.The point of sales system is easy to handle? |3 |1. 5 |2. 25 |Uncertain | | | | | | | |   |   |   |   |   | |2. The computation of the amount price is accurate in |3. 5 |3 |3. 25 |Agree | |the Point of Sale System? | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |   |   |   |   |   | |3. The point of sales System can maximize the |3. 5 |4. |4 |Agree | |productivity of the cashiers work? | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |   |   |   |   |   | |4.The Point of Sales System is used efficiently among |4. 5 |2. 5 |3. 5 |Agree | |various stores? | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |   |   |   |   |   | |5. Do you think Point of Sale System can help to your |5 |2. |3. 75 |Agree | |company? | | | | | | | | | | | |   |   |   |   |   | |Average Weighted Mean |3. 9 |2. 8 |3. 35 |Agree | Table 3Computation of the level of acceptability of the developed system Question 1 shows that among 20 respondents uncertain that Point of Sale System is easy to handle, because of the weighted mean of 2. 25. Question 2 shows that among 20 respondents with the weighted mean of 3. 25. This simply means that respondents agree that the computation of the amount price is accurate in the Point of Sale System. Question 3 shows that among 20 respondents with the weighted mean of 4. 0. This shows that most of the respondent's agree that the Point of Sale System can maximize the productivity of the cashiers works.Question 4 shows that among 20 respondents with the weighted mean of 3. 5. This shows that the most respondents agree that the Point of Sales System was used efficiently among various stores. Question 5 shows that among 20 respondents with the weighted mean of 3. 75. This shows the most of the respondents agree that the Point of Sale System can help to t heir company. Based on the table most of the respondents agreed because of the average weighted mean of 3. 35 which falls on Agree Verbal Interpretation. 4. 2 The significance Difference of the Perception of the Respondents to the Developed System Respondents DistributionThe population consists of 20 persons where 50% of the respondents are cashiers and the employee of Stone Pro Enterprise. |Respondents |Quality |Percentage | |Cashiers |10 |50% | |Customers |10 |50% | Table 1 Respondent Table Opinion Index The researchers will use questionnaires with the opinion index below to scale the effectiveness of the study of the respondents. Some questions have options and some are needed to be evaluated and answerable by number with corresponding verbal interpretation. ( see table 2 ). Scale |Range |Verbal Interpretation | |5 |4. 01 – 5. 00 |Strongly Agree | |4 |3. 01 – 4. 00 |Agree | |3 |2. 01 – 3. 00 |Uncertain | |2 |1. 01 – 2. 00 |Disagree | |1 |0. 01 – 1. 00 |Strongly Disagree | Table 2 Option Index 4. 3 Development of the System [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] pic] 4. 4 Program Flow Chart [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] 4. 5 Program Algorithm Our computerized system allows business owners to track sales, cash flow and item inventory. This system will also calculate the total of all the items that have been purchased. It will ensure not only that the items has been calculated accurately but it will also eliminate the chance of a wrong price being entered. Also this will prevent theft and also help to maintain a record of what is being sold. This will also help to monitor the employees. It will generate and print professional looking receipts. 4. 6 Program Listing A.Member Log In Option Explicit Private Sub cmdClose_Click() If Me. cmdClose. Caption = â€Å"Close† Then Dim reply reply = MsgBox(â€Å"Do you realy want to Quit this program? â€Å", vbYesNo + vbQuestion, â€Å"Confirm Qu it†) If reply = vbYes Then End End If Else Unload Me End If End Sub Private Sub cmdOk_Click() Me. AdoUser. Refresh If Me. cmdClose. Caption = â€Å"Close† Then Me. AdoUser. Recordset. Find (â€Å"UserName = ‘† & txtUser. Text & â€Å"‘†) If Me. txtPassword. Text = Me. AdoUser. Recordset. Fields(â€Å"Password†) Then If Me. AdoUser. Recordset. Fields(â€Å"Previledge†) = â€Å"Admin† Then mdiMain. mnuItems. Enabled = True mdiMain. tbMain. Panels(2). Text = Me. AdoUser. Recordset. Fields(â€Å"UserName†) frmSplash. Show mdiMain. Show End If If Me. AdoUser. Recordset. Fields(â€Å"Previledge†) = â€Å"User† Then mdiMain. mnuItems. Enabled = False mdiMain. mnuUser. Enabled = False mdiMain. mnuCustomers. Enabled = False mdiMain. mnuSuppliers. Enabled = False mdiMain. Toolbar1. Buttons(11). Enabled = False mdiMain. stbMain. Panels(2). Text = Me. AdoUser. Recordset. Fields(â€Å"UserName†) ‘Unload Me mdiMain. Show End If Unload Me Else MsgBox â€Å"Invalid Password!!! â€Å", vbExclamation, â€Å"Invalid Password† Me. txtPassword. SetFocus Me. txtPassword = â€Å"† End If End IfEnd Sub Private Sub Form_Load() On Error Resume Next Call SQLDB(AdoUser, â€Å"Select * from UserAccount†) AdoUser. Refresh txtUser. Text = â€Å"Admin† End Sub Private Sub txtPassword_KeyPress(KeyAscii As Integer) If KeyAscii = 13 Then cmdOk_Click ‘cmdAccess_Click End If End Sub Private Sub txtUser_Click(Area As Integer) On Error Resume Next Dim temp Me. AdoUser. Recordset. Find (â€Å"UserName = ‘† & txtUser. Text & â€Å"‘†) temp = Me. AdoUser. Recordset. Fields(1) End Sub B. Main Page Private Sub MDIForm_Load() ‘With stbMain ‘ensures all panels are visible upon loading DE. Connection1. ConnectionString = â€Å"Provider=Microsoft. Jet. OLEDB. 4. ;Data Source=† & App. Path & â€Å"DBStonePro. mdb;Persist Security Info= False;Jet OLEDB:Database Password= † mdiMain. Width = 15360 End Sub Private Sub MDIForm_Unload(Cancel As Integer) Dim reply reply = MsgBox(â€Å"Do you want to Quit this program? â€Å", vbYesNo + vbQuestion, â€Å"Confirm Quit†) If reply = vbYes Then End End If error: Cancel = -1 End Sub Private Sub mnuAbout_Click() frmAbout. Show vbModal End Sub Private Sub mnuBD_Click() frmDatabase. Show vbModal End Sub Private Sub mnuCustomers_Click() frmCustomers. Show vbModal End Sub Private Sub mnufind_Click() frmfind. Show 1 End Sub Private Sub mnuGp_Click() frmGroup. Show vbModal End SubPrivate Sub mnuItems_Click() frmFItems. Show vbModal End Sub Private Sub mnuLogOff_Click() Dim reply reply = MsgBox(â€Å"Do you really want to LogOff? â€Å", vbYesNo + vbQuestion, â€Å"Confirm Log-Off†) If reply = vbYes Then ‘frmLogin. cmdClose. Caption = â€Å"Cancel† frmLogin. Show vbModal End If End Sub Private Sub mnuNewSales_Click() ‘On Error Resume Next Cal l SQLDB1(frmNewSales. AdoSales, â€Å"Select * from Sales†) Call SQLDB2(frmNewSales. adoCustomer, â€Å"Select * from Customer order by CustomerNumber†) If frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount ;= 0 And frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount ; 9 Then frmNewSales. xtSalesNumber. Text = â€Å"00000† & frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount + 1 End If If frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount ;= 9 And frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount ; 99 Then frmNewSales. txtSalesNumber. Text = â€Å"0000† & frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount + 1 End If If frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount ;= 99 And frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount ; 999 Then frmNewSales. txtSalesNumber. Text = â€Å"000† & frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount + 1 End If If frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount ;= 999 And frmNewSales.AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount ; 9999 Then frmNewSales. txtSalesNumber. Text = â€Å"00† & frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount + 1 End If If frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount ;= 9999 And frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount ; 99999 Then frmNewSales. txtSalesNumber. Text = â€Å"0† & frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount + 1 End If If frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount ;= 99999 And frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount ; 999999 Then frmNewSales. txtSalesNumber. Text = frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount + 1 End If frmNewSales. xtAmountPaid. Text = â€Å"0. 00† frmNewSales. txtBalance. Text = â€Å"0. 00† frmNewSales. txtTotalCost. Text = â€Å"0. 00† frmNewSales. txtDeliverySatus. Text = â€Å"Undelivered† frmNewSales. dtDate. Value = date frmNewSales. DTDelivery = date frmNewSales. Show vbModal End Sub Private Sub mnuOrder_Click() frmOrders. Show vbModal End Sub Private Sub mnuOrder2_Click() frmOrders. Show vbModal End Sub Private Sub mnuQuit_Cl ick() Dim reply reply = MsgBox(â€Å"Do you want to Quit this program? â€Å", vbYesNo + vbQuestion, â€Å"Confirm Quit†) If reply = vbYes Then End End If End Sub Private Sub mnuROP_Click() Set ReOrder. DataSource = frmReProd. Adodc1.Recordset ReOrder. Refresh ReOrder. Show End Sub Private Sub mnuRDelivered_Click() frmDelivered. Show vbModal End Sub Private Sub mnuRItems_Click() frmFItems. Show vbModal End Sub Private Sub mnuRP_Click() frmReProd. Show vbModal End Sub Private Sub mnuRPR_Click() frmReProd. Show vbModal End Sub Private Sub mnuRSales_Click() frmSalesReport. Show vbModal End Sub Private Sub mnuRSupplier_Click() frmSupplier. Show vbModal End Sub Private Sub mnuRUndelivered_Click() frmUndelivered. Show vbModal End Sub Private Sub mnuSuppliers_Click() frmSupplier. Show vbModal End Sub Private Sub mnuTips_Click() frmTips. Show vbModal End SubPrivate Sub mnuUpdateSales_Click() frmUpdateBalance. Show vbModal End Sub Private Sub mnuUser_Click() frmUser. Show vbModal En d Sub Private Sub Toolbar1_ButtonClick(ByVal Button As MSComctlLib. Button) Select Case Button. Index Case 3: Call mnufind_Click Case 5: PopupMenu mnuTransaction, , Button. Left, (Button. Top + Button. Height) Case 7: PopupMenu mnuReport, , Button. Left, (Button. Top + Button. Height) Case 9: PopupMenu mnuAccount, , Button. Left, (Button. Top + Button. Height) Case 11: PopupMenu mnuHelp, , Button. Left, (Button. Top + Button. Height) Case 13: Dim reply reply = MsgBox(â€Å"Do you want to Quit this program? , vbYesNo + vbQuestion, â€Å"Confirm Quit†) If reply = vbYes Then End End If error: Cancel = -1 End Select End Sub C. Transaction Page Private Sub cmdAdd_Click() Grid_DblClick cmdEditItems. Enabled = True cmdRemove. Enabled = True End Sub Private Sub cmdCalculator_Click() Shell â€Å"calc. exe†, vbMaximizedFocus End Sub Private Sub cmdClose_Click() Call SQLDB1(AdoSales, â€Å"Select * from Sales†) Me. AdoSales. Refresh If Val(Me. txtTotalCost. Text) = 0 Then Unload Me Else If Me. txtCustomerName. Text = â€Å"† Then MsgBox â€Å"Please complete data before closing. â€Å", vbInformation, â€Å"Information† Else With Me. AdoSales .Refresh .Recordset.AddNew .Recordset. Fields(â€Å"SalesNumber†) = Me. txtSalesNumber. Text . Recordset. Fields(â€Å"CustomerNumber†) = Me. txtCustomerNumber. Text . Recordset. Fields(â€Å"CustomerName†) = Me. txtCustomerName. Text . Recordset. Fields(â€Å"Datepurchased†) = Me. dtDate. Value .Recordset. Fields(â€Å"DeliveryDate†) = Me. DTDelivery. Value .Recordset. Fields(â€Å"DeliveryStatus†) = Me. txtDeliverySatus. Text . Recordset. Fields(â€Å"TotalCost†) = Me. txtTotalCost. Text .Recordset. Fields(â€Å"total†) = Me. Text3. Text .Recordset. Fields(â€Å"Discount†) = Me. Text2. Text .Recordset. Fields(â€Å"AmountPaid†) = Me. txtAmountPaid. Text .Recordset.Fields(â€Å"Balance†) = Me. txtBalance. Text .Records et. Update .Refresh Unload Me End With End If End If End Sub Private Sub cmdEditItems_Click() Me. AdoItems. Refresh Me. AdoItems. Recordset. Find (â€Å"ItemNumber = ‘† & Me. AdoSalesInfo. Recordset. Fields(â€Å"ItemNumber†) & â€Å"‘†) frmEditItems. txtinfo(0). Text = Me. AdoSalesInfo. Recordset. Fields(â€Å"SalesNumber†) frmEditItems. txtinfo(1). Text = Me. AdoSalesInfo. Recordset. Fields(â€Å"Date†) frmEditItems. txtinfo(2). Text = Me. AdoSalesInfo. Recordset. Fields(â€Å"ItemNumber†) frmEditItems. txtinfo(3). Text = Me. AdoSalesInfo. Recordset. Fields(â€Å"ItemName†) frmEditItems. txtinfo(4).Text = Me. AdoSalesInfo. Recordset. Fields(â€Å"Qty†) frmEditItems. txtinfo(5). Text = Me. AdoSalesInfo. Recordset. Fields(â€Å"UnitPrice†) frmEditItems. txtinfo(6). Text = Me. AdoSalesInfo. Recordset. Fields(â€Å"TotalPrice†) frmEditItems. Show vbModal End Sub Private Sub cmdNew_Click() ‘On Error Resume Next cmdEditItems. Enabled = False cmdRemove. Enabled = False Call SQLDB1(AdoSales, â€Å"Select * from Sales†) Me. AdoSales. Refresh If Val(Me. txtTotalCost. Text) = 0 Then Else If Me. txtCustomerName. Text = â€Å"† Then MsgBox â€Å"Please complete data before closing. â€Å", vbInformation, â€Å"Information† Else With Me. AdoSales .Refresh .Recordset.AddNew .Recordset. Fields(â€Å"SalesNumber†) = Me. txtSalesNumber. Text . Recordset. Fields(â€Å"CustomerNumber†) = Me. txtCustomerNumber. Text . Recordset. Fields(â€Å"CustomerName†) = Me. txtCustomerName. Text . Recordset. Fields(â€Å"Datepurchased†) = Me. dtDate. Value .Recordset. Fields(â€Å"DeliveryDate†) = Me. DTDelivery. Value .Recordset. Fields(â€Å"DeliveryStatus†) = Me. txtDeliverySatus. Text . Recordset. Fields(â€Å"TotalCost†) = Me. txtTotalCost. Text .Recordset. Fields(â€Å"AmountPaid†) = Me. txtAmountPaid. Text .Recordset. F ields(â€Å"Discount†) = Me. Text2. Text .Recordset. Fields(â€Å"Balance†) = Me. txtBalance. Text .Recordset.Fields(â€Å"total†) = Me. Text3. Text .Recordset. Update .Refresh Me. txtCustomerName. Locked = False Me. txtCustomerNumber. Locked = False Me. txtCustomerName. Text = â€Å"† Me. txtCustomerNumber. Text = â€Å"† Me. txtAmountPaid. Text = â€Å"0. 00† Call SQLDB1(frmNewSales. AdoSales, â€Å"Select * from Sales†) Call SQLDB2(frmNewSales. adoCustomer, â€Å"Select * from Customer order by CustomerName†) If frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount >= 0 And frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount < 9 Then frmNewSales. txtSalesNumber. Text = â€Å"00000† & frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount + 1 End If If frmNewSales.AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount >= 9 And frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount < 99 Then frmNewSales. txtSalesNumber. Text = â€Å"0000† & frmNewSales. AdoSales. Re cordset. RecordCount + 1 End If If frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount >= 99 And frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount < 999 Then frmNewSales. txtSalesNumber. Text = â€Å"000† & frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount + 1 End If If frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount >= 999 And frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount < 9999 Then frmNewSales. txtSalesNumber. Text = â€Å"00† & frmNewSales.AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount + 1 End If If frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount >= 9999 And frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount < 99999 Then frmNewSales. txtSalesNumber. Text = â€Å"0† & frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount + 1 End If If frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount >= 99999 And frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount > 999999 Then frmNewSales. txtSalesNumber. Text = frmNewSales. AdoSales. Recordset. RecordCount + 1 End If frmNewSales. txtAmountPaid. Text = â€Å"0. 00† frmNew Sales. txtBalance. Text = â€Å"0. 00† frmNewSales. txtTotalCost. Text = â€Å"0. 00† rmNewSales. Text3. Text = â€Å"0. 00† frmNewSales. txtDeliverySatus. Text = â€Å"Undelivered† frmNewSales. dtDate. Value = date frmNewSales. DTDelivery = date Me. cmdNew. Enabled = False Me. cmdNewCustomer. Enabled = True Me. cmdPayment. Enabled = False Me. cmdReciept. Enabled = False Me. cmdEditItems. Enabled = False Me. cmdRemove. Enabled = False Call SQLDB3(AdoItems, â€Å"Select * from Items where RemainingQty ; 0†) Call SQLDB(AdoSalesInfo, â€Å"Select * from SalesInfo where SalesNumber='† & Me. txtSalesNumber. Text & â€Å"‘†) AdoSalesInfo. Refresh AdoItems. Refresh ‘Me. cmdNew. Enabled = True Set Grid2. DataSource = AdoSalesInfoGrid2. Columns(1). Visible = False Grid2. Columns(2). Visible = False Grid2. Columns(5). NumberFormat = â€Å"##0. 00† Grid2. Columns(6). NumberFormat = â€Å"##0. 00† Set Grid. DataSource = AdoItems Grid. Columns(0). Visible = False Grid. Columns(2). Visible = False Grid. Columns(5). Visible = False Grid. Columns(6). Visible = True Me. txtCustomerName. Locked = False Me. txtCustomerName. Locked = False lblChange. Caption = â€Å"0. 00† Me. txtCustomerName. Text = â€Å"† Me. txtCustomerNumber. Text = â€Å"† Me. txtAmountPaid. Text = â€Å"0. 00† Me. txtCustomerName. Locked = False Me. txtCustomerNumber. Locked = False Me. txtCustomerName. Text = â€Å"†Me. txtCustomerNumber. Text = â€Å"† Me. txtAmountPaid. Visible = True ‘Unload Me End With End If End If End Sub Private Sub cmdNewCustomer_Click() With frmNewCustomer If Me. adoCustomer. Recordset. RecordCount >= 0 And Me. adoCustomer. Recordset. RecordCount < 9 Then . txtinfo(0). Text = â€Å"00000† & Me. adoCustomer. Recordset. RecordCount + 1 End If If Me. adoCustomer. Recordset. RecordCount >= 9 And Me. adoCustomer. Recordset. RecordCount < 99 Then . txtinfo(0 ). Text = â€Å"0000† & Me. adoCustomer. Recordset. RecordCount + 1 End If If Me. adoCustomer. Recordset. RecordCount >= 99 And Me. doCustomer. Recordset. RecordCount < 999 Then . txtinfo(0). Text = â€Å"000† & Me. adoCustomer. Recordset. RecordCount + 1 End If If Me. adoCustomer. Recordset. RecordCount >= 999 And Me. adoCustomer. Recordset. RecordCount < 9999 Then . txtinfo(0). Text = â€Å"00† & Me. adoCustomer. Recordset. RecordCount + 1 End If If Me. adoCustomer. Recordset. RecordCount >= 9999 And Me. adoCustomer. Recordset. RecordCount < 99999 Then . txtinfo(0). Text = â€Å"0† & Me. adoCustomer. Recordset. RecordCount + 1 End If If Me. adoCustomer. Recordset. RecordCount >= 99999 And Me. adoCustomer. Recordset.RecordCount > 999999 Then . txtinfo(0). Text = Me. adoCustomer. Recordset. RecordCount + 1 End If .Show vbModal End With End Sub Private Sub cmdPayment_Click() If Me. AdoSalesInfo. Recordset. RecordCount = 0 Then MsgBox â€Å"You cannot proc eed to payment because there is no item in your sales item list!!! â€Å", vbExclamation, â€Å"Error† Else frmPayment. txtBalance. Text = Me. txtBalance. Text frmPayment. Text3. Text = Me. txtTotalCost. Text frmPayment. txtChange. Text = â€Å"0. 00† frmPayment. txtPayment. Text = â€Å"0† frmPayment. Show vbModal End If End Sub Private Sub cmdReciept_Click() If Me. AdoSalesInfo. Recordset.RecordCount = 0 Then MsgBox â€Å"There is no item!!! â€Å", vbExclamation, â€Å"StonePro System† Else If Me. txtCustomerName. Text = â€Å"† Or Me. txtDeliverySatus. Text = â€Å"† Then MsgBox â€Å"Please supply personal data before you view the receipt. â€Å", vbInformation, â€Å"Information† Else Set RptReceipt. DataSource = Me. AdoSalesInfo RptReceipt. Refresh RptReceipt. Sections(â€Å"Section2†). Controls(â€Å"lblSalesNumber†). Caption = frmNewSales. txtSalesNumber. Text RptReceipt. Sections(â€Å"Section2†). C ontrols(â€Å"lblTotalCost†). Caption = Format(frmNewSales. Text3. Text, â€Å"#,##0. 00†) RptReceipt. Sections(â€Å"Section2†). Controls(â€Å"lblCustomerNumber†).Caption = frmNewSales. txtCustomerNumber. Text RptReceipt. Sections(â€Å"Section2†). Controls(â€Å"lblCustomerName†). Caption = frmNewSales. txtCustomerName. Text RptReceipt. Sections(â€Å"Section2†). Controls(â€Å"lblDatePurchased†). Caption = frmNewSales. dtDate. Value RptReceipt. Sections(â€Å"Section2†). Controls(â€Å"lblDeliveryDate†). Caption = frmNewSales. DTDelivery. Value RptReceipt. Sections(â€Å"Section2†). Controls(â€Å"lblDis†). Caption = Format(frmNewSales. Text2. Text, â€Å"#,##0. 00†) RptReceipt. Sections(â€Å"Section2†). Controls(â€Å"lblAmountPaid†). Caption = Format(frmNewSales. txtPayment. Text, â€Å"#,##0. 00†) RptReceipt.Sections(â€Å"Section2†). Controls(â€Å"lblBala nce†). Caption = Format(frmNewSales. txtBalance. Text, â€Å"#,##0. 00†) RptReceipt. Sections(â€Å"Section2†). Controls(â€Å"lblChange†). Caption = Format(frmNewSales. lblChange. Caption, â€Å"#,##0. 00†) cmdNew. Enabled = True RptReceipt. Show 1 End If End If End Sub Private Sub cmdRemove_Click() Dim reply reply = MsgBox(â€Å"Are you sure you want to remove this item to sales list? â€Å", vbYesNo + vbQuestion, â€Å"Confirmation to Remove†) If reply = vbYes Then frmNewSales. AdoItems. Refresh Call SQLDB3(AdoItems, â€Å"Select * from Items†) frmNewSales. AdoItems. Recordset. Find (â€Å"ItemNumber= ‘† & Me. AdoSalesInfo.Recordset. Fields(â€Å"ItemNumber†) & â€Å"‘†) frmNewSales. AdoItems. Recordset. Fields(â€Å"RemainingQty†) = Val(frmNewSales. AdoItems. Recordset. Fields(â€Å"RemainingQty†)) + Me. AdoSalesInfo. Recordset. Fields(â€Å"Qty†) frmNewSales. AdoItems. Record set. Update frmNewSales. AdoItems. Refresh frmNewSales. txtTotalCost. Text = Format(Val(frmNewSales. txtTotalCost. Text) – Me. AdoSalesInfo. Recordset. Fields(â€Å"TotalPrice†), â€Å"##0. 00†) frmNewSales. txtBalance. Text = Format(Val(frmNewSales. txtBalance. Text) – Me. AdoSalesInfo. Recordset. Fields(â€Å"TotalPrice†), â€Å"##0. 00†) frmNewSales. AdoSalesInfo. Recordset. Delete frmNewSales.AdoSalesInfo. Refresh Call SQLDB3(AdoItems, â€Å"Select * from Items where RemainingQty ; 0†) Call SQLDB(AdoSalesInfo, â€Å"Select * from SalesInfo where SalesNumber='† & Me. txtSalesNumber. Text & â€Å"‘†) AdoSalesInfo. Refresh AdoItems. Refresh ‘Me. cmdNew. Enabled = True Set Grid2. DataSource = AdoSalesInfo Grid2. Columns(1). Visible = False Grid2. Columns(2). Visible = False Grid2. Columns(5). NumberFormat = â€Å"##0. 00† Grid2. Columns(6). NumberFormat = â€Å"##0. 00† Set Grid. DataSource = Ad oItems Grid. Columns(0). Visible = False Grid. Columns(2). Visible = False Grid. Columns(5). Visible = False If Me. AdoSalesInfo. Recordset.RecordCount = 0 Then Me. cmdEditItems. Enabled = False Me. cmdRemove. Enabled = False Me. cmdPayment. Enabled = False End If Else End If End Sub Private Sub Form_Load() ‘On Error Resume Next Call SQLDB3(AdoItems, â€Å"Select * from Items where RemainingQty ; 0†) Call SQLDB(AdoSalesInfo, â€Å"Select * from SalesInfo where SalesNumber='† & Me. txtSalesNumber. Text & â€Å"‘†) Call SQLDB2(frmNewSales. adoCustomer, â€Å"Select * from Customer Order by CustomerName†) adoCustomer. Refresh AdoSalesInfo. Refresh AdoItems. Refresh ‘Me. cmdNew. Enabled = True Set Grid2. DataSource = AdoSalesInfo Grid2. Columns(1). Visible = False Grid2. Columns(2).Visible = False Grid2. Columns(5). NumberFormat = â€Å"##0. 00† Grid2. Columns(6). NumberFormat = â€Å"##0. 00† Set Grid. DataSource = AdoItems Gr id. Columns(0). Visible = False Grid. Columns(2). Visible = False Grid. Columns(5). Visible = False Grid. Columns(6). Visible = True Grid2. Refresh ‘Call setgrid ‘Call settext ‘Call setgrid ‘lblTotal. Caption = â€Å"Total Number of Records: † & Me. AdoSalesInfo. Recordset. RecordCount End Sub Private Sub setgrid() Set Me. Grid2. DataSource = Me. AdoSalesInfo Grid. Columns(0). Visible = False Grid. Columns(2). Visible = False Grid. Columns(3). Visible = False Grid. Columns(4). Visible = FalseGrid. Columns(5). Visible = False Grid. Columns(6). Visible = True End Sub Private Sub Grid_DblClick() With frmSalesConfirm .txtinfo(0). Text = Me. txtSalesNumber. Text .txtinfo(1). Text = Me. dtDate. Value .txtinfo(2). Text = Me. AdoItems. Recordset. Fields(â€Å"ItemNumber†) . txtinfo(3). Text = Me. AdoItems. Recordset. Fields(â€Å"ItemName†) . txtinfo(4). Text = â€Å"0† .txtinfo(5). Text = Me. AdoItems. Recordset. Fields(â€Å"UnitPriceâ € ) . txtinfo(6). Text = â€Å"0. 00† If Me. AdoItems. Recordset. Fields(â€Å"Unit†) = â€Å"Kilo† Then .Label5. Caption = â€Å"Quantity† End If .Show vbModal End With End Sub Private Sub lvButtons_H3_Click()Unload Me End Sub Private Sub Text1_Change() On Error Resume Next Me. AdoItems. Refresh Me. AdoItems. Recordset. Filter = â€Å"ItemName LIKE ‘† & LCase(Me. Text1. Text) & â€Å"*'† ‘Call settext ‘Call setgrid If Me. Text1. Text = â€Å"† Then Me. AdoItems. Refresh ‘setgrid End If End Sub Private Sub txtAmountPaid_Change() ‘If Val(Me. txtAmountPaid. Text) < Val(Me. txtTotalCost. Text) Then ‘MsgBox â€Å"Amount paid is lower than its total cost. â€Å", vbExclamation, â€Å"Stone Pro System† ‘Me. txtAmountPaid. Text = â€Å"0. 00† ‘Else ‘Me. txtBalance. Text = Format(Val(Me. txtTotalCost. Text) – Val(Me. txtAmountPaid. Text), â€Å"##0. 00†) â €˜End If End SubPrivate Sub txtAmountPaid_KeyPress(KeyAscii As Integer) If KeyAscii = 8 Then Exit Sub End If If KeyAscii = 46 Then Exit Sub End If If KeyAscii < 48 Or KeyAscii > 57 Then KeyAscii = 0 End If End Sub Private Sub txtCustomerName_Change() On Error Resume Next Me. adoCustomer. Refresh Me. adoCustomer. Recordset. Find (â€Å"CustomerName = ‘† & Me. txtCustomerName. Text & â€Å"‘†) Me. txtCustomerNumber. Text = Me. adoCustomer. Recordset. Fields(â€Å"CustomerNumber†) End Sub Private Sub txtCustomerNumber_KeyPress(KeyAscii As Integer) KeyAscii = False End Sub Private Sub txtDeliverySatus_KeyPress(KeyAscii As Integer) KeyAscii = False End SubConfirm Transaction Private Sub Check1_Click() If Check1. Value = 1 Then Me. Text2. Text = Format(Val(Me. Text3. Text * 0. 1), â€Å"#,##0. 00†) Me. Text1. Text = Format(Me. Text2. Text, â€Å"#,##0. 00†) Exit Sub End If If Check1. Value = 0 Then Me. Text1. Text = â€Å"0. 00† â⠂¬ËœMe. Text1. Text = Format(Val(Me. txtPayment. Text) – Val(Me. Text2. Text), â€Å"#,##0. 00†) Exit Sub End If End Sub Private Sub cmdClose_Click() frmNewSales. lblChange. Caption = Me. Text4. Text frmNewSales. Text2. Text = Me. Text1. Text Unload Me End Sub Private Sub cmdOk_Click() Dim reply reply = MsgBox(â€Å"Are you sure of this payment?. Payment can be done only once in this transaction. , vbQuestion + vbYesNo, â€Å"Confirmation†) If reply = vbYes Then If Val(Me. txtPayment) ; Val(frmNewSales. txtTotalCost) Then Me. txtBalance. Text = â€Å"0. 00† Me. cmdOk. Enabled = False frmNewSales. txtBalance. Text = â€Å"0. 00† frmNewSales. txtPayment. Text = Val(Me. txtPayment) Me. Text4. Text = Format(Val(Me. txtPayment) – Val(Text3. Text) + Val(Text1. Text), â€Å"#,##0. 00†) frmNewSales. txtAmountPaid. Visible = False frmNewSales. cmdReciept. Enabled = True frmNewSales. cmdPayment. Enabled = False frmNewSales. cmdEditItems. Enabl ed = False frmNewSales. cmdRemove. Enabled = False frmNewSales. Text3. Text = Format(Val(Text3.Text) – Val(Text1. Text), â€Å"#,##0. 00†) Me. Text1. Text = â€Å"0. 00† Else Me. txtBalance. Text = Format(Val(Me. txtPayment) – Val(Me. Text3. Text) – Val(Me. Text1. Text), â€Å"#,##0. 00†) Me. txtChange. Text = â€Å"0. 00† Me. cmdOk. Enabled = False frmNewSales. txtBalance. Text = Format(Val(Me. txtPayment) – Val(Me. Text3. Text) – Val(Me. Text1. Text), â€Å"#,##0. 00†) frmNewSales. txtBalance. Text = Format(Val(Me. Text3) – Val(Me. txtPayment. Text) – Val(Me. Text1. Text), â€Å"#,##0. 00†) frmNewSales. lblChange. Caption = â€Å"0. 00† frmNewSales. txtAmountPaid. Text = Val(Me. txtPayment) frmNewSales. txtPayment. Text = Val(Me. xtPayment) frmNewSales. cmdReciept. Enabled = True frmNewSales. cmdPayment. Enabled = False frmNewSales. cmdEditItems. Enabled = False frmNewSales. cmdRemove . Enabled = False frmNewSales. Text3. Text = Format(Val(Text3. Text) – Val(Text1. Text), â€Å"#,##0. 00†) ‘Me. Text1. Text = Format((frmNewSales. Text3. Text), â€Å"#,##0. 00†) frmNewSales. Text2. Text = Me. Text1. Text End If Else End If If Check1. Value = 1 Then Me. Text2. Text = Format(Val(Me. Text3. Text * 0. 1), â€Å"#,##0. 00†) Me. Text1. Text = Format(Me. Text2. Text, â€Å"#,##0. 00†) Exit Sub End If If Check1. Value = 0 Then frmNewSales. Text2. Text = â€Å"0. 00† Me. Text1.Text = â€Å"0. 00† Exit Sub End If End Sub Private Sub txtPayment_Change() If Check1. Value = 1 Then Me. Text2. Text = Format(Val(Me. Text3. Text * 0. 1), â€Å"#,##0. 00†) Me. Text1. Text = Format(Me. Text2. Text, â€Å"#,##0. 00†) Exit Sub End If If Check1. Value = 0 Then Me. Text1. Text = â€Å"0. 00† Exit Sub End If End Sub 4. 7 Program Output [pic] 4. 8 User Manual Title: Automated Sales and Inventory System of Stone Pro Enterprise Table of Contents 1. Introduction 1. 1 System Requirements 1. 1. 1 Hardware 1. 1. 1. 1 Desktop 1. 1. 1. 2 Display 1. 1. 1. 3 Cash Drawer 1. 1. 1. 4 Receipt Printer 1. 1. 2 Software 1. 2 Convention 2. Getting Started . 1 Member Log in 2. 2 Performing Transaction 3. Software Features 4. Message Boxes 5. User Interface Parts, Text boxes and Buttons 1. Introduction Most Large retail stores have migrated from the old trusty cash register to more modern computerized point of sale (POS) systems. This application Guide explores computerized POS technology and provides a roadmap for Stone Pro Enterprise. 1. 1 System Requirements 1. 1. 1 Hardware If you are a computer user, you're no doubt familiar with the most common desktop peripherals – the keyboard, mouse. Blue Link Technology systems are based on ordinary desktop computer and operating system . 1. 1. 1. Desktop Desktop with larger but quieter fans to minimize heat and noise. Heavy duty power supply that last longer th an the standard items. Hard drive doesn't have to be in large capacity but it has to be reliable. We also want to ensure that you're using good surge protector and UPS ( battery backup) to prevent power related crashes. 1. 1. 1. 2. Display At the very least, you'll need a basic  monitor  at your POS to see what you're doing. Touch screens  have become a more popular and affordable option these days since they are a user friendly option that can help speed up the checkout process.Adding customer-facing  and  pole displays  will offer a clearer customer experience and are a great way to promote special offers to customers while they are in line. 1. 1. 1. 3. Cash Drawer They may be the simplest peripheral in a POS system, but  cash drawers  are still an essential part of your system. You need to have a secure place to keep cash, checks 1. 1. 1. 4. Receipt Printer Every transaction ends with a receipt for the customer straight from a  receipt printer. Having a printer go down is one of the most crippling things to any POS system. Making sure you have a printer that'll support your print volume and is easy to use is essential.Most printers are thermal based so you don't even have to deal with ribbon cartridges anymore. Just load the paper and you are back up and running! Whatever your receipt size or type requirements are, there's a printer to fit your needs. There are numerous types of receipt printers, categorized – like any other computer printer – by its printing technology and its computer interface. 1. 1. 2. Software The  POS software  by Blue Link Technology is the brains of Stone Pro Enterprise POS system. 1. 2 Convention Double Click : Refer to user action Log in Window : Refer to user interfaceLog in Button: Refer to object Enter Key: Refer to Keyboard key 2. 0 Getting Started I. Daily Start-Up 1. Turn the Computer ON – Press the â€Å"ON/OFF† button. (On top of the computer for Stone Pro Enterprise. ) WAI T. It will take a few moments but eventually Stone Pro Enterprise System and an Address Lookup application will automatically start up. A desktop with icons will appear including [pic] A â€Å"Login† screen will appear: [pic] 2. Sign on to the System a) When the Security Login screen appears, User ID = (ask for an access code to the admin assign ) unless you have been assigned something else.Password = the password you selected. It will NOT appear for security reasons. ENTER b) The Main Desktop will appear [pic] II. Start of Shift A. Cash Register Processing. 1. Press the Transaction Menu button. 2. Select TRANSACTION then NEW SALE. [pic] ( You are now ready to perform Cash Register Operations. ) III. End of Shift A. Clerk Out Start at the â€Å"Transaction† screen. Press â€Å"CLOSE† to Exit from the Transaction Screen. IV. End of Day In the evening you will need to: 1. Leave the cash drawer open. 2. Close Stone Pro Enterprise System Main Page 3. Exit Stone Pro Enterprise System. 4.Turn off the computer. After you finish the â€Å"End of Shift† procedure, complete the following: A. Log Off of Stone Pro Enterprise System 1. At the main Stone Pro Enterprise System desktop B. Shut Down the Computer 1. Select the Start button in the lower left hand corner. 2. Select Shut Down†¦ from the list. A â€Å"Shut Down Windows† window will appear. 3. Select Shut Down from the drop down list. The monitor will go black and say ‘No Sync’ for a bit. CHAPTER 5 FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION In this chapter states the summary of findings, conclusion and recommendation. 4. 1 Summary of FindingsPoint of Sale System for Stone Pro Enterprise aims to develop an expert system that would enable the emergence of Point of Sale and maximize the capabilities. It shows how efficient accurate and well function, the point of sale compared to manual registry. 4. 2 Conclusion We conclude that the research has shown that the study c an be useful for the company Stone Pro Enterprise. In this study considering all the factors affecting. 4. 3 Recommendation The Researchers recommend this Point of Sale System of Stone Pro Enterprise to be used in interested establishment in improving and helping people retail their products. BIBLIOGRAPHY